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About Caeca et obdurata
Caeca et Obdurata Hebraeorum perfidia was a papal bull, promulgated by Pope Clement VIII on 25 February 1593, which expelled the Jews from the Papal States, effectively revoking the bull Christiana pietas (1586) of his predecessor Pope Sixtus V. Prior to 1586, Pope Pius V's bull Hebraeorum gens sola (1569) had restricted Jews in the Papal States to Rome and Ancona.
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