Alan John Bayard Wace (13 July 1879 – 9 November 1957) was an English archaeologist who served as director of the British School at Athens (BSA) between 1914 and 1923. He excavated widely in Thessaly, Laconia, and Egypt, and at the Bronze Age site of Mycenae in Greece. He was also an authority on Greek textiles and a prolific collector of Greek embroidery.
Educated at Shrewsbury School and Pembroke College, Cambridge, Wace initially focused his scholarly interests on Ancient Greek sculpture and modern Greek anthropology. He first attended the BSA in 1902, before moving to the British School at Rome (BSR). While a member of the BSR, he discovered the Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia in Laconia in southern Greece, and participated in the BSA's excavations there and elsewhere in the region. Between 1907 and 1912, he surveyed widely in the northern Greek region of Thessaly, before taking a post at the Scottish University of St Andrews in 1912.
In 1914, Wace returned to the BSA as its director, though his archaeological work was soon interrupted by the outbreak of the First World War. During the war, he worked for the British intelligence services and excavated with his long-term collaborator Carl Blegen at the prehistoric site of Korakou. This project generated Wace and Blegen's theory of the long-term continuity of mainland Greek ("Helladic") culture, which contradicted the established scholarly view that Minoan Crete had been the dominant culture of the Aegean Bronze Age, and became known as the "Helladic Heresy". Wace excavated at Mycenae in the early 1920s, and established a chronological schema for the site's tholos tombs which largely proved the "Helladic Heresy" correct.
Wace lost his position at the BSA in 1923, and spent ten years as a curator of textiles at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. In 1934, he returned to Cambridge as the Laurence Professor of Classical Archaeology, and resumed his covert work during the Second World War, serving as a section head for the British intelligence agency MI6 in Athens, Alexandria, and Cairo. He retired from Cambridge in 1944 and was appointed to a post at Alexandria's Farouk I University. During his tenure there, he continued to excavate at Mycenae and unsuccessfully attempted to locate the tomb of Alexander the Great. He was sacked after the 1952 Egyptian revolution, but continued to excavate, publish and study until his death in 1957. His daughter, Lisa French, accompanied him on several campaigns at Mycenae and later directed excavations there.
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Early life and education
Alan John Bayard Wace was born on 13 July 1879, at 4 Camden Place in Cambridge. He was the second son of Frederic Charles Wace, a justice of the peace and a mathematician at St John's College; his mother, Fanny (née Bayard), was descended from a family prominent in New York. Frederic Wace served as mayor of Cambridge in 1889–1891, the first university academic to hold the post. He died in 1893, whereupon the family moved to Shrewsbury, and Wace (along with his elder brother Emeric) attended Shrewsbury School, a public school in the town, where he was head boy in 1898. He entered the University of Cambridge on a scholarship in the same year, matriculating in classics at Pembroke College. Emeric died shortly before the end of Wace's second year, in which Wace obtained a First, the highest possible grade, in Part I of the tripos examinations. Wace's tutor, the classicist R. A. Neil, suggested that he study classical archaeology for Part II, his final year: Wace subsequently achieved a First with distinction in the examinations of 1901.
Wace acquired a particular interest in Ancient Greek sculpture from his teacher Charles Waldstein; he also gained an interest in the Aegean Bronze Age from William Ridgeway, the university's Disney Professor of Archaeology. Among his Cambridge contemporaries was the future folklorist and archaeologist R. M. Dawkins. In 1902, he attended the British School at Athens (BSA), one of Greece's foreign archaeological institutes, as a student, having won the Prendergast Scholarship to do so. While there, he completed a research project on reliefs and royal portraits in Hellenistic sculpture, part of which he published in the school's journal, Annual of the British School at Athens, in 1902. The project became the nucleus of his 1935 monograph, An Approach to Greek Sculpture. His biographer David Gill describes Wace as "perhaps one of the strongest students of Hellenistic sculpture to emerge from Cambridge". Wace also developed an interest in Greek textiles, perhaps from the embroiderer Louisa Pesel, who became an associate of the BSA in the same year as Wace joined, or perhaps from the school's director, Robert Carr Bosanquet, who collected them.
Early academic career
Wace moved to the British School at Rome (BSR) in 1903 on a Craven studentship. He supplemented his income by working as a secretary to Ernest Gardner, a professor of classical art and archaeology at University College London and former director of the BSA, on Gardner's educational cruises for his students of the Aegean: these took place on SS Pelops during Easter 1903 and on SS Peneios during Easter 1904. Wace was elected as a fellow of Pembroke College in 1904. He worked briefly as a librarian at the BSR between 1905 and 1906, supported by a grant from the British government to allow the BSR to catalogue the sculptures in the Capitoline Museum, the Palazzo dei Conservatori and the Caelian Antiquarium. In the 1904–1905 season, he catalogued the Roman portrait sculptures of the Capitoline Museum, while the school's director, Henry Stuart Jones, catalogued its Greek ones. Jones resigned the directorship for reasons of ill health in 1905, and intended Wace to be his successor; however, the school's committee appointed Thomas Ashby as acting director in September of that year. Wace remained as librarian and acted as Ashby's assistant. In the spring of 1906, the directorship was formally declared vacant; both Wace and Ashby applied, Ashby was appointed, and Wace was offered the assistant directorship, which he refused. He remained at the BSR; in 1909, he was considered as a possible successor to Ashby (whose contract was due to expire in 1911), though not appointed.
From 1904 onwards, the BSA was engaged in an extended campaign in the Laconia region of southern Greece. Wace took part in his first excavation in 1905, under the leadership of the BSA's Frederick William Hasluck at Geraki in Laconia. In the same year, he discovered the Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia near Sparta, where he would excavate as part of a BSA team several times over the ensuing seasons. Over the following years, he generally spent autumns in Rome and summers on archaeological fieldwork in Greece. Alongside the archaeologist Marcus Tod, he reviewed the artefacts stored in the Archaeological Museum of Sparta; Tod specialised in the inscriptions while Wace catalogued the sculptures and other finds. He excavated the Menelaion sanctuary in 1909 alongside Maurice S. Thompson and John Percival Droop; his publication of the lead votive objects deposited there was described by the archaeologist Hector Catling in 1998 as "definitive and of permanent value". He also excavated with the BSA at Sparta, and was given charge of the work on a Roman bathhouse known as the "Arapissa", as well as that on the city's circuit wall. His other work in Laconia included the excavation of a number of tombs, a survey of the eastern coast of the Laconian Gulf, and a small-scale excavation of a shrine at Epidauros Limera. Outside Laconia, he worked with Gardner, who organised archaeological tours of Athens. Wace also contributed to a survey of Athens's Byzantine churches, collaborated on studies of the statue base of the charioteer Porphyrius and of the base of the Obelisk of Theodosius, both in Istanbul. In April 1905, he made a survey of the Magnesian peninsula in Thessaly alongside Albert William Van Buren of the American School of Classical Studies in Rome.
Appointment as director of the British School at Athens
Wace, who had previously served on the BSA's managing committee, succeeded Dawkins as director of the BSA in 1914. He accepted the offer of the directorate, which came with an annual salary of £500 (equivalent to £49,882 in 2025), at the managing committee meeting of 24 March, and took up office in the autumn, after the outbreak of the First World War. Wace's students at the BSA included the classical archaeologists Frank Stubbings, Vincent Desborough, Vronwy Hankey and Helen Waterhouse. Stubbings later recalled a humorous "open meeting" hosted by Wace at the BSA, in which he asked visiting academics to give a lecture based on six slides they had never previously seen. Georg Karo, the director of the German Archaeological Institute at Athens (DAI), attended the meeting in costume as a Fräulein.
First World War
The First World War limited the opportunities for archaeological work in Greece and all but removed the usual influx of academic visitors to the BSA. Wace and Karo agreed that they should suspend contact between themselves and their institutions for the duration of the war: in a chance meeting on Christmas Day 1914, Karo told Wace that the professional relationship between the DAI and the BSA, and his own personal friendship with Wace, were "in abeyance" until the end of hostilities. Wace opened the school's hostel as accommodation to those employed by the British government: he was instructed by William Erskine, a British diplomat in the city, not to host anyone of whom Erskine disapproved.
Wace spent three weeks in January 1915 surveying in Macedonia, looking for potential excavation sites. During 1915–1916, Wace was posted to the chancery of the British legation to Greece, where he worked in cryptography and cryptanalysis. His work included organising support for British subjects fleeing the Ottoman Empire, as well as gathering military intelligence from them. Late in 1915, after the Gallipoli landings, Wace devised and established the British passport control office in Athens, which served as a front for British intelligence, in which he identified people suspected of attempting to travel to British-controlled Egypt as spies. He spent his free time during the war tending to the BSA's garden, organising its library and its antiquities collection, and working on Mycenaean pottery in the National Archaeological Museum.
Although the BSA was forbidden to excavate from 1914, the American School of Classical Studies (ASCSA) continued its excavations in the following two years, during which both the United States and Greece were officially uninvolved in the conflict. Wace joined the ASCSA's secretary, Carl Blegen, in the ASCSA's excavations of the Early Bronze Age site of Korakou in the Corinthia during 1915 and 1916. Their excavations led to a joint publication in which they argued that Greek culture had existed continuously since the early Bronze Age, and that "archaic and, consequently, classical Greek art was a renaissance ... of the same artistic spirit that inspired Knossos and Phaestos, Tiryns and Mycenae". Their argument that the culture of Bronze Age Greece was primarily "Mycenaean as opposed to Cretan" ran contrary to the prevailing opinion of the time, by which Minoan Crete was considered the dominant influence on mainland Greece. Droop later called Wace and Blegen's ideas the "Helladic Heresy".
On 1 December [O.S. 18 November] 1916, British and French forces invaded Piraeus, the harbour of Athens, in an attempt to overturn Greece's neutrality in the war. Wace and other British officials were evacuated onto the troop ship HMT Abbassieh, which remained outside Athens until the following year. During his enforced lodging there, Wace explored the eastern side of the island of Salamis, a short distance from Piraeus, and reported to the Greek authorities on the need for conservation work on some ancient wall-paintings there. The BSA was closed during this period, which was later referred to by Rachel Hood, the wife of the BSA director Sinclair Hood, as the "difficult times". Wace continued to work for the British legation. On the school's reopening in 1917, he was appointed to a committee of the Greek Ministry of Education to award prizes for sculpture and painting.
Post-war archaeology and the "Helladic Heresy"
In November 1919, Wace's contract as director of the BSA was renewed for another three years, and he left the British legation. Gill credits Wace's reputation with attracting several non-British students to the BSA, including the Swedish Etruscologist Axel Boëthius and the papyrologist Jacob Hondius. Wace also assisted in the foundation of the Museum of Greek Handicrafts. He suggested expanding the BSA's archaeological remit to include the study of geology and botany, but his proposals were not enacted. As a result of political rioting, which took place in Athens at the end of July 1920, Wace opened the hostel of the BSA to women, against the opposition of some of the school's managing committee. According to the archaeologist Bernard Ashmole, the decision was ultimately forced when the British Minister to Greece ordered all British students in Athens, male and female, to be moved into the hostel during Wace's absence in November.
In the early 1920s, Wace led the excavations of the BSA at the site of Mycenae in southern Greece. The project was encouraged by Arthur Evans, who had excavated at Knossos on Crete from 1900 and introduced the concept of "Minoan Civilisation" to scholarship. Mycenae had previously been established, after the 1876–1877 excavations at Grave Circle A there, as the type site for the "Mycenaean" civilisation of the mainland. Evans hoped that further excavations at Mycenae would provide evidence for his theory that Knossos was the centre of the dominant power of the Bronze Age Aegean, in line with the Classical myths of a Cretan thalassocracy under King Minos. Evans assisted the BSA in persuading both the Greek government and the archaeologist Christos Tsountas, who held the necessary permit, to allow them to excavate with Wace as field director. He also supported the excavation financially, donating £100 (equivalent to £3,864 in 2025) towards the excavation of the monument known as the Tomb of Aegisthus.
The main priority of the excavations was to establish the chronological relationship between the shaft graves of Grave Circle A and the much larger tholos tombs at the site. Evans believed that the two sets of tombs were broadly contemporary, and that both represented the burials of Cretan-based rulers of Mycenae. This ran contrary to the view proposed by Wace and Blegen in 1918, by which the culture of mainland Greece ("Helladic" culture) had remained fundamentally autochthonous through the Shaft Graves period until the end of the Bronze Age. Under Wace and Blegen's model, the tholoi were correctly dated considerably later than both Grave Circle A (c. 1600–1450 BCE) and the apogee of Neopalatial Minoan civilisation on Crete, which ended around 1500 BCE. This would represent a "crescendo" of monumentality and elaboration in Mycenae's tombs, whereas Evans had argued that Mycenae had become subjected and subordinated to Crete, and that this produced a "diminuendo" in the site's wealth and ostentation. According to Evans, the oldest tombs on the site were the largest and most developed: the two tholoi known as the Treasury of Atreus and the Tomb of Clytemnestra.
Victoria and Albert Museum
After leaving the BSA, Wace lectured at Princeton University in 1923 and at the Archaeological Institute of America in 1923–1924. He was offered a post at the University of Pennsylvania Museum in 1924, but refused it to take care of family commitments in Britain, following the death of his brother-in-law. He also declined in 1925 an invitation to excavate at Beth She'an in Mandatory Palestine on the museum's behalf. Evans continued to write critically of Wace in the press, including in The Times in April 1924. Wace, meanwhile, was selected to write the chapters on the Aegean Bronze Age for the Cambridge Ancient History.
Wace worked between 1924 and 1934 as deputy keeper of textiles at the Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A) in London. The Greek embroideries he collected with Dawkins formed the basis of the V&A's collection of these objects. While at the V&A, he published widely on embroidery from various periods, including a preface for Louisa Pesel's 1929 handbook for embroiderers based on seventeenth-century samplers and an exhibition catalogue co-written with his wife in the same year. In 1929, he organised the Exhibition of English Decorative Art, held at Lansdowne House, described in one of Wace's obituaries as his greatest achievement in the field of textiles. Wace did not return to archaeology in Greece during this period, though he joined Blegen at the latter's excavations of Troy in 1933.
In 1926, Wace was asked by Sydney Cockerell, director of the Fitzwilliam Museum, to authenticate a marble statuette (later known as the "Fitzwilliam Goddess") being offered for sale to the museum by Charles Seltman, a lecturer in classics at Queens' College, Cambridge. The statue was claimed to be Minoan in date: Wace considered it authentic, as subsequently did Evans. Wace wrote about the statuette in The Times, declaring it "the earliest piece of true sculpture found on Greek soil"; in a letter to Cockerell on 12 February, he called it "ravishingly beautiful". By the end of the year, the statue was widely suspected to be a forgery: Wace published a monograph on it in May 1927, titled A Cretan Statuette in the Fitzwilliam Museum: A Study in Minoan Costume, but reviews of the book in 1928 largely doubted the piece's authenticity. The museum recategorised it as "of uncertain date or authenticity" in 1961 and removed it from display in 1991; by this point, it was generally considered a forgery dating from the 1920s.
Laurence Professorship at Cambridge
Wace became the second holder of the Laurence Professorship of Classical Archaeology, succeeding Arthur Bernard Cook on the latter's retirement in 1934. He maintained his interest in Greek textiles, writing a 1935 catalogue for an exhibition entitled Mediterranean and Near Eastern Embroideries, based on the collection of Beatrice Lindell Cook, whose husband had collected them in Egypt; the book is still considered a standard work in the twenty-first century.
Wace returned to Mycenae in July 1939, following a visiting appointment at the University of Toronto in the early part of that year. His excavations discovered the part of the "Prehistoric Cemetery", predominantly consisting of chamber tombs, on the acropolis slope west of the citadel. He also made new excavations of the Treasury of Atreus, which proved that the tomb had been constructed no later than the LH IIIA1 period (c. 1400 – c. 1300 BCE). When the Second World War broke out in September, Wace moved back into the BSA with his family. He worked as a section head for the Inter-Services Liaison Department, the name used in the Middle East by the British military intelligence agency MI6. Wace resumed his previous cover as a passport control officer, monitoring international communications and the activities of Axis intelligence agencies. In March 1940, he gave a public lecture on Mycenae, which was attended by King Georgios of Greece. During the winter of 1940–1941, at which time Greece was under invasion from Italy, Wace collaborated with the Greek archaeologist Spyridon Marinatos on a study of the façade of the Treasury of Atreus.
In April 1941, shortly before the fall of Greece to Axis forces in May, Wace and other British intelligence officers relocated to Alexandria in Egypt, where he debriefed British troops evacuated there from Greece. He subsequently worked for MI6 in Cairo. His duties included editing and publishing intelligence reports, and he ran the department providing false passports and documentation to agents of the British Special Operations Executive operating in the Aegean. He was evacuated briefly to Jerusalem in 1942, shortly before the First Battle of El Alamein. To assist with his espionage work, he called on the archaeologist and BSA alumnus Martin Robertson, who joined him in Cairo in late 1942. Wace developed a cooperative relationship with Rodney Young, an American archaeologist turned intelligence officer, who established the "Greek Desk" of the Office of Strategic Services in the city from 1943: their acquaintance allowed British and American intelligence to avoid the inter-Allied rivalry that characterised their relationship in İzmir.
Professorship at Alexandria and retirement
Alongside the French Egyptologist Étienne Drioton, Wace organised a 1944 exhibition of Coptic art in Cairo. Shortly after the Second World War, he loaned his extensive collection of Greek embroideries to the Liverpool Museum, which later purchased them. In 1947, he attempted to find the Tomb of Alexander the Great in Alexandria, unsuccessfully excavating at a hill known as Kom al-Dikka, then widely believed to be the tomb's location. He also excavated a Hellenistic temple at Hermopolis Magna in central Egypt, dedicated to the Ptolemaic ruler Ptolemy III; the results of this project were published posthumously in 1959. During the 1950s, he wrote short stories featuring a fictional archaeologist named George Evesham; two of these were published in the journal Archaeology.
Wace was a member of the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) in Princeton, New Jersey, from September to December 1948: there, he completed his archaeological guide to Mycenae, published in 1949. He returned to the IAS between January and June 1951. He made further excavations at Mycenae between 1950 and 1955, following the end of the Greek Civil War in October 1949. His excavations in 1952 discovered the first tablets written in the prehistoric Linear B script known from the site. In 1952, violence in the British-administered Suez Canal Zone, including the killing of fifty Egyptian police officers in January, led to a military coup which overthrew King Farouk and imposed a nationalist government led by Mohamed Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser. The new government sacked Wace, who moved to Cyprus, and later to a flat in Athens. From 1952 until 1955, he visited Princeton each year: he maintained membership of the IAS between September 1952 and June 1954. He also undertook study seasons at Mycenae in 1956 and 1957.
Wace experienced poor cardiovascular health over a period of several years. He suffered a heart attack in the spring of 1957, though was able later that year to assist with the rearrangement of the Mycenaean Room of the National Archaeological Museum of Athens, and to attend the resumption of the Mycenae excavations under John Papadimitriou. Wace died of a further heart attack on 9 November 1957, at his home in Athens. He was buried in the Protestant section of the First Cemetery of Athens.
Personal life, character and honours
The writer Compton Mackenzie, who directed British intelligence in Athens during the First World War and met Wace during the latter's work with British refugees from Turkey during 1915–1916, wrote of him as:
A delightful combination of great scholarship and humour, a worldly humour too and not in the least pedagogic ... a tall, slim man full of nervous energy, with a fresh complexion and an extraordinarily merry pair of light blue eyes.
Wace's former student Frank Stubbings, in a 1958 obituary, described Wace as being "virtually incapable of making even a rough sketch of any object", despite an outstanding visual memory. He went on to describe Wace as having "a slightly ponderous indignation with those whom (often rightly) he thought stupid and pretentious", but as being "really a very modest man, sensitive, and easily hurt, but full of kindness and, in the right company, of fun." The historian Arnold Toynbee, who visited the BSA in the 1911–1912 academic year, described Wace and Thompson thus:
They hunted together like a couple of hounds; and, like hounds on the scent, they were indifferent, while chasing their quarry, to heat, cold, hunger, or exposure to the elements. They set one an exacting standard of physical endurance.
Wace was married to the American archaeologist Helen Wace (née Pence), a former student of the BSR who had worked on the Roman port of Ostia. The couple met at Mycenae in June 1922 and became engaged on a yacht cruise in May 1923, which was also attended by Blegen and his fellow American archaeologists Bert Hodge Hill and Leicester Holland, as well as all three of their future wives, Elizabeth Pierce, Ida Thallon, and Louise Adams. Wace and Pence married in St Albans on 20 June 1925; the archaeologist Elizabeth (Lisa) Bayard French, born in 1931, was their daughter. Lisa Wace attended her father's excavations at Mycenae from the age of eight, and directed excavations there from 1959 to 1969 alongside William Taylour. In 1964, Helen Wace published a series of Alan's fictional writings as Greece Untrodden. She also completed his monograph on the tapestries from the collection of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, at Blenheim Palace for publication in 1968: a review in History Today praised her work and called it "a fitting tribute to this notable scholar".
Published works
As sole author
Wace, Alan (1902). "Apollo Seated on the Omphalos: A Statue at Alexandria". The Annual of the British School at Athens. 9: 211–242. doi:10.1017/S0068245400007681. JSTOR 30096271. S2CID 191404096.
— (1903). "Recent Excavations in Asia Minor". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 23: 335–355. doi:10.2307/623796. JSTOR 623796.
— (1903). "Grotesques and the Evil Eye". The Annual of the British School at Athens. 10: 103–114. doi:10.1017/S0068245400002100. JSTOR 30096289.
— (1905). "Hellenistic Royal Portraits". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 25: 86–104. doi:10.2307/624210. JSTOR 624210.
— (1905). "Laconia: V. Frankish Sculptures at Parori and Geraki". The Annual of the British School at Athens. 11: 139–145. doi:10.1017/S0068245400002525. JSTOR 30096320.
— (1906). "II—Excavations at Sparta, 1906: § 11.—The Roman Baths. (Arapissa)". The Annual of the British School at Athens. 12: 407–414. doi:10.1017/S0068245400008212. JSTOR 30096368. S2CID 163185974.
— (1906). "Some Sculptures at Turin". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 26: 235–242. doi:10.2307/624376. JSTOR 624376.
— (1906). "The Topography of Pelion and Magnesia". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 26: 143–168. doi:10.2307/624345. JSTOR 624345.
— (1908). "The Menelaion: The Lead Figurines". The Annual of the British School at Athens. 15: 127–134. JSTOR 30096408.
— (1909). "Laconia: III: Early Pottery from Geraki". The Annual of the British School at Athens. 16: 72–75. doi:10.1017/S0068245400001660. JSTOR 30096435.
— (1909). "North Greek Festivals and the Worship of Dionysos". The Annual of the British School at Athens. 16: 232–253. doi:10.1017/S006824540000174X. JSTOR 30096443.
As co-author
Wace, Alan; Hasluck, Frederick William (1905). "Laconia: I. Excavations near Angelona". The Annual of the British School at Athens. 11: 81–90. doi:10.1017/S0068245400002446. JSTOR 30096316.
Wace, Alan; Hasluck, Frederick William; Tillyard, Henry Julius Wetenhall (1905). "Laconia: II. Geraki". The Annual of the British School at Athens. 11: 91–123. doi:10.1017/S0068245400002458. JSTOR 30096317.
Dawkins, Richard MacGillivray; Wace, Alan (1906). "Notes from the Sporades, Astypalaea, Telos, Nisyros, Leros". The Annual of the British School at Athens. 12: 151–174. doi:10.1017/S0068245400008042. JSTOR 30096350.
Tod, Marcus Niebuhr; Wace, Alan (1906). A Catalogue of the Sparta Museum. Oxford University Press. OCLC 504175738. Retrieved 10 February 2024 – via Internet Archive.
Wace, Alan; Droop, John Percival (1907). "Excavations at Theotokou, Thessaly". The Annual of the British School at Athens. 13: 309–327. doi:10.1017/S0068245400002951. S2CID 131595659.
Dawkins, Richard MacGillivray; Droop, John Percival; Farrell, Jerome; Woodward, Arthur Maurice; Dickins, Guy; Wace, Alan (1908). "Laconia: I. Excavations at Sparta, 1908". The Annual of the British School at Athens. 14: 1–160. doi:10.1017/S0068245400003117. JSTOR 30096391.
Wace, Alan; Thompson, Maurice Scott (1908). "A Cave of the Nymphs on Mount Ossa". The Annual of the British School at Athens. 13: 243–247. JSTOR 30096414.
Wace, Alan; Hasluck, Frederick William (1908). "Laconia: II. Topography". The Annual of the British School at Athens. 15: 158–176. doi:10.1017/S0068245400017585. JSTOR 30096409.
Dawkins, Richard MacGillivray; Droop, John Percival; Woodward, Arthur M.; Giles, P.; Wace, Alan; Thompson, Maurice Scott (1908). "Laconia: I. Excavations at Sparta, 1908". The Annual of the British School at Athens. 15: 1–157. doi:10.1017/S0068245400017524. JSTOR 30096408.