Brigadier Charles Douglas Armstrong (11 June 1897 – 11 December 1985) was a British Army officer in World War I and World War II. In the latter conflict he was the head of the British Special Operations Executive (SOE) liaison mission to the Chetnik forces of Draža Mihailović in Yugoslavia from July 1943 to early 1944.
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Early life
Armstrong was born on 11 June 1897 and was educated at Cheltenham College. After attending the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, he was commissioned into the East Surrey Regiment in April 1915 during the First World War. Seconded to the Machine Gun Corps, he served in France from 1916 to 1918, where he was twice wounded and, in March 1918, made a prisoner of war.
Repatriated in December 1918, by which time the war was over due to the armistice with Germany, he served in North Russia during the Russian Civil War in 1919 and was awarded the Military Cross (MC) for gallantry. The citation for his MC, appearing in The London Gazette in January 1920, reads as follows:
For gallantry and devotion to duty during operations of 10th-11th August, 1919. At Sludka, on 10th August, he formed a rear-guard defence with his two guns against a party of sailors which had landed and cut off the main body from reserves. He handled his guns with great skill. At the crossing of the Sheika also he did excellent work with his guns.
He was present in Mesopotamia 1920-21 and on the Indian North West Frontier 1930-31, serving much of his inter-war service with the 1st Battalion, East Surrey Regiment in Egypt, Sudan, Hong Kong and India.
Second World War
In October 1939, a month after the outbreak of the Second World War, Armstrong, now a major, went to France with the 1st Battalion, East Surrey Regiment, before taking command of the 1/6th Battalion in April 1940 as a temporary lieutenant colonel. Evacuated from Dunkirk a month later, he remained in command of the battalion until April 1942. In October 1940 he received the Distinguished Service Order in recognition of his services in France.
In April 1942 he was posted to command the 70th (Young Soldiers) Battalion, and later 1st Battalion, the Duke of Wellington's Regiment which, in early 1943 he took to North Africa.
Mission to Chetniks
In July 1943 Armstrong was appointed Brigadier in command of the SOE sponsored Military Mission to the Chetniks, a Serbian nationalist and royalist force led by General Draža Mihailović, and one of the principal resistance movements in Axis occupied Yugoslavia. According to some sources, he was carefully selected for this mission because of his lack of political contacts or skill. Together with members of his mission, Armstrong parachuted into Yugoslavia at the end of September 1943. Before he was dispatched to Chetnik headquarters, a previous member of British mission with the Chetniks, Colonel Bailey, advised him that the Chetniks were angry and that Mihailović "won't hear of British anymore". The United Kingdom had provided substantial supplies to Yugoslav Communist forces who opposed the Chetniks, while the BBC repeatedly gave the Communist forces credit for the anti-Axis actions of Chetniks, especially during September and October 1943. For example, when Chetniks attacked the German garrison in Prijepolje on 11 September, killed 200 German soldiers and captured the town, the BBC credited Tito's Communist Partisans with the victory.
Less than a week after Armstrong arrived at Chetnik headquarters he, Albert Seitz, head of the USA Mission with the Chetniks, and Hudson saw a successful Chetnik attack on Višegrad and the destruction of the railway bridge across Drina. Armstrong and Seitz took part in the Chetnik action against Axis controlled units protecting the railway bridge over Drina in Višegrad. At the beginning of October 1943, based on Armstrong's instructions, Mihailović and his Chetniks organized an attack on Višegrad and during the battle captured the town and destroyed the railway bridge across the river Drina on the Sarajevo-Užice railway. This bridge was the longest bridge in Axis occupied Yugoslavia destroyed by rebel guerillas. In this attack about 2,500 Chetniks killed about 350 Ustaše and German soldiers and captured a lot of ammunition and arms. Before the Chetniks stormed into Višegrad, they first destroyed four smaller bridges in Mokra Gora. The bridge in Višegrad was destroyed with help of British sappers commanded by British Major Archie Jack. British media, including the BBC, credited Yugoslav Communist Partisans for this successful action by the Chetniks. In spite of protests, including from Kenneth Pickthorn and officials of the Yugoslav government in exile in London, the BBC did not make any corrections.
After the capture of Višegrad, the Chetniks also captured Rogatica on 14 and 15 October and killed more than 200 Axis soldiers. The BBC again credited Communist forces with this success. In November 1943 the Chetniks attacked Axis positions at Nova Varoš and Kalna, and both actions were again attributed to Communists by the BBC. Archival evidence, published in 1980 for the first time, confirms that some actions against Axis carried by Mihailović and his Chetniks with Armstrong were mistakenly credited to Tito and his Communist forces. Armstrong sent an angry protest to the BBC insisting on the publication of correct information, to no avail. Mihailović was enraged.
1945 and after
In January 1945 Armstrong was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for his war services. In August 1945, now a substantive Lieutenant Colonel, he took command of the 1st Battalion, East Surrey Regiment in Austria, returning to England in November 1946 to command a prisoner of war camp for Germans. He retired in December 1948 with the honorary rank of Brigadier.
In retirement he lived in Camberley, Surrey and was a member of the Special Forces Club. He died on 11 December 1985, at the age of 88. There is a memorial plaque to Armstrong in the East Surrey Regiment Chapel in All Saints Church, Kingston upon Thames.