Constitutional Province of Callao

Etymology

The name of the city and province is derived from callao, a nautical Spanish term for a pebble, replaced today by guijarro. It had been previously believed that the word was of Native origin, possibly Quechua or Aymara in origin. Proponents of this theory included a number of prominent historians of the 19th and 20th centuries, including Manuel de Mendiburu, Carlos Romero, and Ricardo Palma, among others.

Interest in the etymology of both the city and its demonym increased due to a campaign launched by El Callao, a newspaper then headed by M. Darío Arrús. It was during this campaign that Ricardo Palma suggested that the word had its origin in the Native words calla (coast) or chalhua (to fish). This claim was supported by the terms cala (a local word also used to describe fishing as an activity) and chala (port), the latter of which would give origin to the term Challahaque, which would then be bastardised into chalaco. He concluded, however, that the term was European in origin, due to its description in the Diccionario Histórico-Geográfico de la América Meridional, a 1771 book by the Venetian Jesuit Juan Domingo Coleti. Described as "Callao (Callaum-calavia)", the latter term (calavia) was the term for ballast used by Italian fishermen at the time.

In addition to the above, Pedro Paz Soldán's Diccionario de Peruanismos cites a similar origin. The definition provided by Augustinian priest Bernabé Torres in 1667, which made a specific mention of the rocky coastline, was ultimately considered decisive for the determination of the word's origin.

Prior to its definitive name, other terms for the port included: Puerto de Santa María, Puerto de La Mar (used in Lima), Puerto de la Ciudad de los Reyes, Callao de Lima, and Puerto y Callao de la mar. It appeared for the first time with the name of Callao de la Mar in 1558, and the name of Puerto del Callao had been defined by 1586. In 1630, it was named by Bernabé Cobo as the "Port and City of Callao" (Spanish: Pueblo y Puerto del Callao).

Residents of Callao are known as chalacos after the Quechua word Chala, meaning coast.

History

The oldest traces of human occupation of Callao date back more than 10,000 years and are the stone workshops on Chivateros Hill. Throughout the pre-Inca period, various peoples settled in the area, primarily dedicated to fishing. In the mid-15th century, the territory of Callao was annexed to the Inca Empire, with the Inca Palace of Oquendo being one of its strategic centres.

Spanish period

Callao had been settled by Spaniards in 1535, when in January of that year the ships that the conquistador Pedro de Alvarado sold to Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro landed in the port. Later that same month, the city of Lima (then called Los Reyes) was established. On 6 March 1537, the Spaniard Diego Ruiz obtained a license to inaugurate a tambo (an administrative structure with supplies) in the port of Lima. In 1555, the construction of the first Spanish neighbourhood began.

In 1556, Viceroy Andrés Hurtado de Mendoza appointed Francisco López as the port's first mayor. The Lima city council recognized him by presenting him with the staff of justice, a symbol of his municipal authority. However, the first municipal authority of the port was Cristóbal Garzón, who served as "Port Constable," having been appointed by the "Chief Constable of Lima," Juan Astudillo Montenegro. He also oversaw the adjacent lands of Daniel Gustavo Fonseca Arroyo, a landowner in Callao's countryside.

Due to its status as the main port of the Viceroyalty of Peru, it was a constant target of pirate and privateer attacks. In 1579, English pirate Francis Drake violently attacked the port, and in 1624, the Dutchman Jacques l'Hermite did the same. In response, the Spanish government ordered the construction of defensive walls around the city, which were erected between 1634 and 1647. These defensive installations reached their culmination in October 1747 with the start of construction on the Real Felipe Fortress, the first phase of which was completed in 1773.

On the 1635 map by cartographer Guiljelmus Blaeuw (1571–1638), it is listed as the Villa del Callao (V. del Callao), just as Lima appears as "Los Reyes" or Villa de Lima ("V. Lima"). Due to its proximity to the Peruvian capital, it was colloquially known by the Spanish as the Port of Lima or as Callao de Lima, a situation that was abandoned as the territory of Callao grew naturally and, like many European cities, developed to achieve city status in 1671.

Following this upgrade, it soon became the main port for Spanish commerce in the Pacific. At the height of the viceroyalty, virtually all goods produced in the Lower Peru, Upper Peru, and the River Plate were carried over the Andes by mule to Callao, to be shipped to Panama, carried overland, and then transported on to Spain via Cuba. The port of Callao was also a node in the Manila galleon route connecting America and Asia through Acapulco and Manila.

Republican period

In a session on 8 March 1834, the National Convention presided over by Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro decorated the port as "The Faithful and Generous City of Callao, Asylum of the Laws and Liberty," as a reward for defending the government of General Luis José de Orbegoso against the coup attempts of General Pedro Pablo Bermúdez. The province last belonged to the department of Lima in 1836, after which it would be allowed an autonomy that has since remained.

The Littoral Province of Callao (Spanish: Provincia Litoral del Callao) was created on 20 August 1836. Its creation was ordered by Andrés de Santa Cruz, then Protector of North Peru, a newly created state that would become a constituent country of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation later that year. As a littoral province, it operated under a special autonomous regime separate from the country's departments, but equal in status to them.

The Peruvian Civil War of 1856–1858 saw the troops of provisional president Ramón Castilla face of against those of Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco due to ideological differences regarding the constitution at the time. On the night of 21 April 1857, an attack by Vivanco's troops on the port of Callao continued into the morning of the next day, where they were defeated by local pro-government militias. This action led to Castilla again changing the province's status.

The Constitutional Province of Callao (Spanish: Provincia Constitucional del Callao) was the new name under given to the province by Castilla. Like its predecessor, it meant that the province was independent of any department, but equal in status to them. The difference was in name only: all of the other provinces had been given their names by law, while this had been granted through a constitutional mandate. The new province's first mayor was Colonel Manuel Cipriano Dulanto.

Between 1850 and 1851, the Lima-Callao railway, the second in South America, began operating. This railway departed from the port and ran along the entire length of Colonial Avenue to San Juan de Dios Station. There was also another, smaller railway, called "El Urbanito," which only transported people within the port itself. Callao was a pioneer in urban health and safety, and on 5 December 1860, the first fire company in Peru, the Unión Chalaca No. 1, was inaugurated in its jurisdiction.

20th century

In 1921, the Bureau of Public Works granted a concession to M.I.T. engineer John Tinker Glidden for paving, administering, and inaugurating a public cart road between Callao and Lima, further coalescing a metropolitan area between both cities.

On the afternoon of 28 April 1947, the Kon-Tiki, a raft crewed by a team led by Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl left Callao. By 1949, the city was known as one of the biggest centers of coca-based products and cocaine traffic in the world.

Callao was one of many places affected by the period of terrorism and instability that began in 1980. On June 19, 1986, the Peruvian government executed a number of prisoners in the penal colony of El Frontón. On July 5, 1989, a terrorist attack targeting members of the Soviet Navy injured 33 people in total.

21st century

On 15 April 2014, the Congress of Peru approved that Mi Perú, then a district of Lima province's district of Ventanilla, become a new district of Callao.

In January 2022, the province was affected by an oil spill caused by abnormal waves provoked by the volcanic eruption in Tonga earlier that same day.

Politics

Local government affairs are divided into two levels. Regional matters are handled by the Regional Government of Callao, whose headquarters are located in front of the Jorge Chávez International Airport. Affairs such as city cleaning, promoting of sports and basic services are handled by the Provincial Municipality of Callao, which is headquartered in the Callao District. Also, each of the six districts has its own municipal government, which handles matters in their respective jurisdictional areas.

List of mayors

Since 2023, the incumbent mayor is Pedro Spadaro. The mayor of Callao represents both the province and the district.

Subdivisions

Callao is divided into seven districts, each of which is headed by a mayor.

The rest of Callao Region is composed of the islands of San Lorenzo, El Frontón, Cavinzas and Palomino, which all together have an area of 17.63 km2 (6.81 sq mi).

Geography

Callao is built on and around the Peninsula of La Punta, where the district of the same name (and wealthy residential neighborhood) is located. The peninsula separates the bays of Miraflores and Callao.

Islands

Callao has several islands: San Lorenzo (currently a military base), El Frontón (a former high security prison), the Cavinzas Islands, and the Palomino Islands, where numerous sea lions and sea birds live in a virtually untouched ecosystem. There are proposed plans to build a huge naval, terrestrial, and air port on San Lorenzo Island. This project is called the San Lorenzo Megaport Project.

Culture

Unlike other cities in the country, Callao does not commemorate a founding date. It commemorates its independence from the city of Lima and its elevation as an autonomous territory every 20 August.

Landmarks

A historical fortress, the Castillo de Real Felipe (site of "Rodil's Last Stand"), stands on the promontory overlooking the harbor.

A large naval base is sited in Callao. Its prison held Abimael Guzmán, the leader of the Shining Path Communist Party of Peru, and holds Vladimiro Montesinos, the ex-director of internal security during the Fujimori regime.

Jorge Chávez International Airport is located in Callao.

On a bluff overlooking the harbor sits Leoncio Prado Military Academy, the military high school. The city also has a university, the National University of Callao.

The main Naval Hospital, Centro Medico Naval is located on Avenida Venezuela in Bellavista. It contains the U.S. Navy command Naval Medical Research Unit Six; professional soccer clubs are Sport Boys and Atlético Chalaco.

Demographics

Crime

Callao is one of the most dangerous areas in Peru and experiences the most crime. The main port city in Peru is known as one of the largest exit points of cocaine and is rife with organized crime that results in violence. In December 2015, the government declared Callao in a state of emergency that extended until April 2016, with more than 30 people being killed at the time. In 2016, the murder rate in Callao was double the national average; from 10.2 per 100,000 in 2011 to 15.2 in 2015, compared to Lima which saw 4.8 per 100,000 in 2011 and 5.0 per 100,000 in 2015. Despite government and cultural initiatives, crime has continued to increase in Callao, with some public events in the area ending in gunfire.

Transportation

Airport

Jorge Chávez International Airport (IATA: LIM, ICAO: SPJC), known as Aeropuerto Internacional Jorge Chávez in Spanish, is Peru's main international and domestic airport. It is located in Callao district, 12 km (7.5 mi) northwest from the Historic Center of Lima. Callao is the port city now fully integrated with Lima, the nation's capital. In 2008, the airport handled 8,288,506 passengers and 98,733 aircraft movements. The airport was expanded in 2025 with the construction of a new terminal, increasing its capacity to 40 million passengers per year. The old terminal was closed and will be converted into a logistics center.

For many years it was the hub for now defunct Aeroperú and Compañía de Aviación Faucett, one of the oldest airlines in Latin America. Now it serves as a hub for many aviation companies such as Sky Airline Peru, Atsa Airlines, JetSmart Perú, Star Perú and LATAM Perú.

Rail

The port of Callao is served by the 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge Ferrocarril Central Andino. The rail system connects to the Desamparados station in the center of Lima and ends in Huancayo. The rail station in Callao does not currently serve commercial service and instead is used for cargo.

Notable people

Alexander Callens (born 1992), Peruvian footballer

Ángel Díaz Balbín (1955–1986), Peruvian triple murderer and suspected serial killer

Luciana Fuster (born 1999), Peruvian model, television personality, and Miss Grand International 2023

Mario Montalbetti (born 1953), Peruvian syntactician and linguistics professor

Claudio Pizarro (born 1978), highest-scoring Latin American in the history of the Bundesliga

Nolberto Solano (born 1974), Peruvian footballer and manager

Yma Sumac (1922–2008), Peruvian musician

Jhoao Ward (born 1989), Peruvian footballer