Edessa (Greek: Έδεσσα, pronounced [ˈeðesa]), known until 1923 as Vodena (Greek: Βοδενά), is a city in Northern Greece and the capital of the Pella regional unit in the region of Central Macedonia. It was also the capital of the defunct province of the same name.
Edessa holds a special place in the history of the Greek world as, according to some ancient sources, it was here that Caranus established the first capital of ancient Macedon. Later, under the Byzantine Empire, Edessa benefited from its strategic location, controlling the Via Egnatia as it enters the Pindus mountains, and became a center of medieval Greek culture, famed for its strong walls and fortifications. In the modern period, Edessa was one of Greece's industrial centers until the middle of the 20th century, with many textile factories operating in the city and its immediate vicinity. Today however its economy mainly relies on services and tourism. Edessa hosts most of the administrative services of the Pella regional unit, as well as some departments of the Thessaloniki-based University of Macedonia.
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Name
The Greek name Ἔδεσσα (Édessa) means "tower in the water" and is generally thought to be of Phrygian origin, although a minority of scholars consider it to be Illyrian instead. The Slavic name Vodĭnŭ (Водьнъ) commonly held to derive from the Slavic word for "water" was first attested in the 10th century, and became the common name until the 20th century.
Vodená (Βοδενά) was the name used in Greek until 1923, when the ancient name was revived. The Bulgarian and Macedonian name remains Voden (Cyrillic: Воден). In Turkish, the city is known as Vodina, and in Aromanian the city is known as either Edessa, Vudena or Vodina.
Seleucus I Nicator named the city of Edessa in Mesopotamia (modern Şanlıurfa, Turkey) after the Macedonian Edessa.
Municipality
The municipality Edessa was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 2 former municipalities, that became municipal units:
Edessa
Vegoritida
The municipality has an area of 611.212 km2, the municipal unit 321.225 km2.
History
According to some ancient writers, Caranus, the legendary founder of the Argead Dynasty (whose most famous member was Alexander the Great), established the city of Edessa and made it the first capital of ancient Macedon, and later Argead rulers moved Macedon's capital to Aegae and eventually Pella. Archaeological remains have been discovered on the site of ancient Edessa, just below the modern city (40°47'48.48"N 22° 3'26.24"E). The walls and many buildings have been unearthed so far. A colonnade with inscription in Greek dates from Roman times. The city achieved certain prominence in the first centuries AD, being located on the Via Egnatia. From 27 BC to 268 AD it had its own mint. The Orthodox Christian Saint Vassa and her three children were put to death here in the 3rd century AD.
Little is known about the fate of the city after 500 AD, but we know that its Greek bishop, Isidoros, participated in the Ecumenical Council of 692.
The city disappears from the sources thereafter, and re-emerges only in the 11th century, in the account of the Bulgarian wars of Emperor Basil II by the chronicler John Skylitzes, with the Slavic name Vodena (τὰ Βοδηνά in Greek). The Bulgarian historian Vasil Zlatarski hypothesized that it was Vodena, and not Vidin on the Danube, that was a base of the Cometopuli in their revolt against Byzantium.
Due to its strategic location, controlling the Via Egnatia as it enters the Pindus mountains, the town was much fought over in the subsequent centuries: the Normans under Bohemond I captured it briefly in 1083, but were eventually repelled by the forces of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos. The Nicaean emperor John III Vatatzes captured in 1253, while in the mid-14th century its possession was disputed between the Byzantines and the Serbs under Stephen Dushan, with the latter securing its possession in January 1351. The city was for some time under control of Radoslav Hlapen, who gave it as dowry to his son-in-law Nikola Bagaš probably around 1366/7. The city remained in Bagaš's hands at least until 1385. It was conquered by the Ottoman commander Evrenos Bey in the late 14th century, along with the rest of Macedonia. In 1519 (Hijri 925) the town had 68 Muslim and 116 Christian households; it was a joint zeamet of Murad of İpek, and Hüseyin the son of dizdar.
During the period of Ottoman rule, the Turkish and Muslim component of the town's population steadily increased. From the 1860s onwards, the town was a flashpoint for clashes between Greeks and Bulgarians. According to the Ottoman general census of 1881/1882–1893, the district of Edessa (Vodine) had a total population of 33,113, consisting of 14,962 Muslims, 14,208 Greek Patriarchists, and 3,943 Bulgarian Exarchists.
Infrastructure
Transportation
Edessa railway station is located on the Thessaloniki–Bitola railway and is currently served by Line 2 of the Thessaloniki Regional Railway.
Media
Pella TV
Egnatia TV
Sports
Edessa hosts two sport clubs with presence or earlier presence in the higher national divisions in Greek football and handball. These clubs are shown below.
Notable people
Tašo Ajanovski, activist
Risto Kordalov, partisan
Grigorie Hadzi Taskovic, revolutionary
Minas Minoidis (18th century), Greek scholar, figure of the Modern Greek Enlightenment
Solon Grigoriadis, Greek army officer and journalist
Georgi Urdov, partisan
Dimitris Beis, Greek resistance figure against the junta of the Colonels and Mayor of Athens, 1979–1986
Vane Zaneshev, activist
Trifun Hadjijanev, communist
Giorgos Paschalidis, Greek former Minister and close associate of Prime Minister Costas Simitis
Velko Dumev, revolutionary
Aggelis Gatsos, Greek fighter in the Greek War of Independence
Vangel Ajanovski-Oče, secretary of SNOF
Trifun Buzev, American worker and participant in the Spanish civil war
Hakkı Yeten, Turkish football player of Beşiktaş J.K.
Dimitar Zaneshev, revolutionary
Hadži-Neimar, Serbian architect and chief builder of the autonomous Principality of Serbia
Markos Meskos, Greek writer and poet
Twin cities
Gornji Milanovac, Serbia
Pleven, Bulgaria
Bitola, North Macedonia