Elias Loomis (August 7, 1811 – August 15, 1889) was an American mathematician. He served as a professor of mathematics and natural philosophy at Western Reserve College (now Case Western Reserve University), the University of the City of New York and Yale University. During his tenure at Western Reserve College in 1838, he established the Loomis Observatory, currently the second oldest observatory in the United States.
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Life and work
Loomis was born in Willington, Connecticut in 1811. He graduated at Yale College in 1830, was a tutor there for three years (1833–36), and then spent the next year in scientific investigation in Paris. On his return, Loomis served as professor of mathematics and natural philosophy for eight years (1836–44) at Western Reserve College in Hudson, Ohio, now Case Western Reserve University. During his tenure, he opened up the Loomis Observatory in 1838, currently the second oldest observatory in the United States. From 1844 to 1860 he held the professorship of natural philosophy and mathematics in the University of the City of New York, and in the latter year became professor of natural philosophy in Yale. Professor Loomis published (besides many papers in the American Journal of Science and in the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society) many textbooks on mathematics, including Analytical Geometry and of the Differential and Integral Calculus, published in 1835.
In 1859 Alexander Wylie, assistant director of London Missionary Press in Shanghai, in cooperation with fellow Chinese scholar Li Shanlan, translated Elias Loomis's book on Geometry, Differential and Integral Calculus into Chinese. The Chinese text was subsequently translated twice by Japanese scholars into Japanese and published in Japan. Loomis's writings thus played an important role in the transfer of analytical mathematical knowledge to the Far East.
Great Auroral Exhibition of 1859
In his memoir of Loomis, Hubert Anson Newton summarized Loomis's work on the historical Geomagnetic Storm of 1859.
Closely connected with terrestrial magnetism, and to be considered with it, is the Aurora Borealis. In the week that covered the end of August and the beginning of September, 1859, there occurred an exceedingly brilliant display of the Northern Lights. Believing that an exhaustive discussion of a single aurora promised to do more for the promotion of science than an imperfect study of an indefinite number of them, Professor Loomis undertook at once to collect and to collate accounts of this display. A large number of such accounts were secured from North America, from Europe, from Asia, and from places in the Southern Hemisphere; especially all the reports from the Smithsonian observers and correspondents, were placed in his hands by the Secretary, Professor Henry.
These observations and the discussions of them were given to the public during the following two years, in a series of nine papers in the American Journal of Science.
Few, if any, displays on record were as remarkable as was this one for brilliancy or for geographical extent. Certainly about no aurora have there been collected so many facts. The display continued for a week. The luminous region entirely encircled the North Pole of the earth. It extended on this continent on the 2d of September as far south, as Cuba, and to an unknown distance to the north. In altitude the bases of the columns of light were about fifty miles above the earth's surface, and the streamers shot up at times to a height of five hundred miles. Thus over a broad belt on both continents this large region above the lower atmosphere was filled with masses of luminous material. A display similar to this, and possibly of equal brilliancy, was at the same time witnessed in the Southern Hemisphere.
The nine papers were mainly devoted to the statements of observers. Professor Loomis, however, went on to collect facts about other auroras, and to make inductions from the whole of the material thus brought together. He showed that there was good reason for believing that not only was this display represented by a corresponding one in the Southern Hemisphere, but that all remarkable displays in either hemisphere are accompanied by corresponding ones in the other.
Great Auroral Exhibition of 1859, Other Reports
Reports Associated With the 28 August, 1859, Geomagnetic Storm
Balfour Stewart reported that a large magnetic storm began at 22:30 GMT on the evening of August 28, 1859, as measured by self-recording magnetometer at the Kew Observatory.
THE AURORA BOREALIS.; THE BRILLIANT DISPLAY ON SUNDAY NIGHT. PHENOMENA CONNECTED WITH THE EVENT.Mr. Meriam's Observations on the Aurora—E. M. Picks Up a Piece of the Auroral Light.The Aurora as Seen Elsewhere—Remarkable Electrical Effects.;The New York Times, August 30, 1859, Tuesday; Page 1, 3087 words
The New York Times report on 30 August, 1859, on the magnetic storm of August 28, 1859, was on page one, above the fold, upper right corner and two full columns in length. This was a major news story for that date. The later reports on the magnetic storm and auroral displays associated with the Carrington Solar Flare did not enjoy the same level of coverage, even though some of the displays may have been more spectacular given the timing of the second storm close after the 28 August storm.
Reports Associated With the Carrington White Light Solar Flare Geomagnetic Storm
Balfour Stewart reported that the magnetic storm from the Carrington solar flare began at 05:00 GMT on the morning of September 2, 1859, as measured by the self-recording magnetometer at the Kew Observatory. This was equivalent to approximately midnight 00:00 EST in New York City. In all areas of the United States, not obscured by clouds, viewing conditions would have been ideal while the magnetic storm was at maximum intensity. Note that some locations in the Western United States could have reported events for late in the evening of September 1, 1859.
AURORA AUSTRALIS.; Magnificent Display on Friday Morning.Mr. Merlam's Opinions on the Bareul Light—One of his Friends Finds a Place of the Aurora on his Lion-corp.The Aurural Display in Boston.;The New York Times, September 3, 1859, Saturday; Page 4, 1150 words
Writings
See pages i – xxii of The American Journal of Science (1890, volume 39, number 234) for a list of Loomis's publications. Among these are the following:
The recent progress of astronomy; especially in the United States (1850)
Elements of Analytical Geometry and of the Differential and Integral Calculus (1851)
The Elements of Geology Adapted to the Use of Schools and Colleges (1852)
Elements of Natural Philosophy Designed for Academies and High Schools (1858)
An Introduction to Practical Astronomy With a Collection of Astronomical Tables (1860)
Elements of Geometry and Conic Sections (1861)
Elements of Plane and Spherical Trigonometry (1862)
Tables of Logarithms of Numbers and of Sines and Tangents (1862)
A Treatise on Algebra (1868)
A treatise on meteorology : with a collection of meteorological tables (1868)