The Gymnastic and Sports Federation of French Patronages (in French, Fédération gymnastique et sportive des patronages de France, FGSPF) is a French multi-sports federation established in 1898 in Paris by Dr. Paul Michaux. Initially known as the Union of Gymnastics and Military Instruction Societies of French Patronages and Youth Organizations, it changed its name to the Federation of Catholic Gymnastics Societies in 1901 before adopting its current name in 1903. During the Occupation, it integrated the women's organization of the Women's Sports Rayon. It formally merged with it in 1947, evolving into the Sports Federation of France and later the Sports and Cultural Federation of France in 1968.
The FGSPF, as indicated by its acronyms, is primarily a gymnastics federation, competing with the Union of Gymnastics Societies of France. The latter is closely associated with the League of Patriots and the Ligue de l'enseignement (League of Education), both of which promote secular or even anti-clerical values. The FGSPF also competes with the Union of French Athletic Sports Societies, especially when it expands its focus to include other sports, especially football. This sport quickly became the reference sport for the FGSPF, leading to the organization of the FGSPF Football Championship from 1904 to 1914. In 1908, the FGSPF successfully established the French Interfederal Committee, created a year earlier, as the sole federation recognized by the International Federation of Association Football.
The emergence of specialized sports federations after World War I did not seem to pose any problems for the FGSPF, unlike the USFSA, which disappeared from the national scene. The FGSPF even experienced exceptional growth during this period, especially in basketball.
Contents
History
In 1891, Pope Leo XIII's encyclical Rerum novarum legitimized and strengthened Catholic parish patronages, which established a tradition of running, ball games, stilts, and later gymnastics for nearly a century. Subsequently, anti-clericalism promoted by the Union of Gymnastics Societies of France (USGF) prompted the French episcopate to consider organizing its gymnastic followers into a specific association. During the Patronage Day on December 15, 1897, at the Catholic Institute of Paris, the rector, Mgr Péchenard, therefore proposed a physical exercise competition for the diocesan patronages of Paris. The project was embarrassed by the assembly, and Dr. Paul Michaux, along with another doctor, Dr. Fayet, and a few priests, including Father Louis Esquerré, the patronage of the Bon Conseil work in 1894, immediately formed a team to implement the project.
In the following year, Dr. Michaux successfully obtained the creation of an organization from the patronage committee, which was later named the Union of Gymnastics and Military Instruction Societies of Patronages and Youth Organizations (USGIMPOJF). This was replaced in October 1901 by the Federation of Catholic Gymnastics Societies (FSCG). The first competition took place on July 24, 1898, in Paris, under the chairmanship of Rear Admiral Mathieu with 3,000 spectators. The second competition, held in June of the following year in Ivry and attended by 1,200 gymnasts, including participants from the North, Le Havre, and Reims, was graced by the presence of Albert Mun. In 1900, the Paris Universal Exposition awarded its Grand Prize for Social Works to a presentation of the new federation by Pierre Griffaton, who was also a co-disciple in the Nazareth work. The fourth competition, in 1901, gathered 2,000 gymnasts and attracted 8,000 spectators.
This institution is dedicated to apostolic, hygienic, and patriotic goals, in line with the ideas of prominent physiologists such as Claude Bernard, Étienne Marey, and Paul Bert, following the aftermath of the French defeat in 1870. Gymnastics, already practiced in patronages since Timon-David, is considered essential for achieving these objectives. Minister Paul Bert assigns it the task of bridging the gap of several years between students leaving compulsory primary school at 13 and their military incorporation. To achieve this, every teacher spends three months at the military gymnastics school of Joinville focusing on fencing and gymnastics.
Gathered from October 25 to 28, 1903, at the Catholic Institute of Paris, the central commission of the patronages of France, then chaired by Dr. Michaux himself, expresses -the wish "that in each region, directors should agree to organize regional or departmental unions of gymnastics and sports societies" and "that the training of members of our Catholic patronages be so manly and strongly Christian that, if necessary, they can participate in gymnastics competitions organized by other societies, even non-denominational ones." Sport also quickly makes its appearance with the consideration of football as early as 1901 and running in 1903. The federation considered this, and on December 14, 1903, it was renamed the Gymnastic and Sports Federation of French Patronages. That same year, the first issue of the journal Les Jeunes is published. In 1904, the federation organized its first cross-country race and federal athletics championship in Saint-Cloud, followed by the first federal congress of the Commission of Patronages. Les Jeunes, initially an insert in the Patronage magazine, became an independent weekly publication in March 1905. The federation relocated to its first premises at 5 Place Saint-Thomas-d’Aquin on July 15, with Léon Lamoureux assuming administrative responsibilities on November 14, later joined by Charles Simon.
Gymnastics, Football, War (1898–1918)
However, gymnastics continued to provide an avenue for Catholics to participate in patriotic events, with large competitions attracting associations from various provinces to Paris. Despite this, the federation's growth remained limited until 1906. The turning point came in 1908 when hostility from authorities and other federations towards associations that had participated in gymnastics competitions in Rome in 1906, in response to the pope's invitation, led to a surge in membership in the FGSPF. For instance, the Lyon region, with its own Federation of Catholic Gymnastics Societies of the Rhône and the southeast, joined that year. Some associations joined later, possibly due to pressure from their diocese hierarchy, such as the Federation of Gymnastics Societies of the North in 1912.
This situation, which irritates anticlericals, is not without risks. In September 1904, Father Deschamps' troops escorted Émile Combes, President of the Council, to the Auxerre train station with fanfare, causing annoyance. However, on June 8, 1907, the Saint-Joseph des Épinettes event resulted in one fatality and two serious injuries. The competition in Roubaix on July 11, 1911, attracted 50,000 spectators and 8,000 gymnasts, but also faced opposition from 3,000 anti-clerical protesters, requiring 400 gendarmes to be reinforced by two squadrons of dragoons and two police brigades. It was a war period, and the situation persisted because three weeks before the declaration of the Great War, on July 12, 1914, in Roanne, an enthusiastic prefect mobilized the army and had a parade charged by the mobile guard on the pretext that priests accompanied it. Nevertheless, alliances are multiplying, especially in the provinces, and on October 8, 1910, in Chantilly, a society from Bordeaux, La Flèche, won the first federal gymnastics championship. The following year, 43 regional unions and 1,250 affiliated societies participated in the 9th federal congress.
In solidarity with the French provinces annexed to Germany, two competitions were organized in Nancy in 1907 and 1911. The second competition saw the participation of societies from Alsace, Belgium, Holland (province of the Netherlands), Ireland, Italy, and Canada. The FGSPF brought together 8,500 athletes in the Lorraine capital during this event. The 25 foreign delegations present established the International Union of Catholic Physical Education Works (UIOCEP), which later evolved into the International Catholic Federation of Physical and Sports Education (FICEP) in 1947. Paul Michaux served as vice president, and Charles Simon as secretary-general. In December 1911, this union convened in Rome to establish its statutes with the encouragement of Pope Pius XI.
Basketball, Culture, and the Christian Working Youth (1919–1940)
After welcoming and integrating the Elsaessicher Turnerbund (ETB) on May 15, 1919, the organization of Catholic gymnastics societies in Alsace, which then took the name Avant-garde du Rhin (AGR), the FGSPF celebrated victory on July 25, 1920, with a grand competition in Metz, the hometown of Paul Michaux, now French again. Over 25,000 young people from the patronages participated in this event, demonstrating their commitment and sacrifice to improve relations with public authorities. On March 20, 1921, Dr. Michaux was honored with the Legion of Honor by Marshal Foch for his outstanding and dedicated service to youth. The FGSPF was officially approved in 1922, and its associations received approvals and subsidies from the Ministry of War, with a focus on gymnastics and military preparation. The 25th anniversary of the FGSPF was celebrated on July 23, 1923, bringing together 28,000 gymnasts and musicians from 600 different associations. Despite some criticism from progressive clergy regarding "war-like sports," this marked a prosperous era for the federation. It became the leading French sports federation between the decline of the USFSA and the rise of single-sport federations, particularly excelling in football and basketball. By 1928, 1,500 of its 2,500 patronages were approved, and on April 26, it was admitted to the National Sports Committee. The FGSPF played a key role in introducing major innovations during the interwar period, such as sports insurance in 1924, medical certificates in 1930 initiated by Dr. Récamier, and popular sports certificates for football and basketball athletes. Despite the passing of Paul Michaux in 1923 and his replacement by François Hébrard, the federation continued its momentum.
Sports developed, particularly basketball, in which the general secretary, Armand Thibaudeau, was particularly invested. It first structured within the French Athletics Federation (FFA) born from the breakup of the USFSA immediately after the war. The same year, the first federal championship in this discipline appeared. By 1925, for the Paris region alone, the FGSPF had 110 teams, while the FFA only counted 57. It was a patronage from Le Havre founded in 1874, the Saint Thomas Basket Le Havre, which was the first club registered by the FFBB when it gained autonomy in 1932. This was also the time of the development of associations in French Algeria, and once again basketball was at the forefront. The Spartiates d'Oran, the best club in Algeria, were crowned champions of the French Union in 1949 after beating the military team of France and the Sports Association of Villeurbanne Éveil lyonnais (ASVEL). This association, 17-time French champions between 1949 and 2009, emerged in 1948 from the rather unusual merger of a Lyon patronage, the Éveil Sportif Sainte Marie de la Guillotière de Lyon (ESSMG), with the largely secular Sports Association of Villeurbanne, affiliated with the Workers' Sports and Gymnastics Federation (FSGT).
Activities of the FGSPF
The activity of the FGSPF was primarily focused on the first half of the 20th century, particularly before 1939, as federal activity was limited during the period of the last war. With a few exceptions such as boxing, fencing, cycling, rowing, and the new mechanical sports, single-sport federations truly emerged only twenty years earlier, after 1919, and sometimes laboriously so. For instance, basketball was only recognized as a separate sport by the French Athletics Federation (FFA) in 1931. Prior to this, sports were practiced, and often it was a bit of a "catch-all" sport: Frantz Reichel is an illustrious example of this versatility, and Ignace Heinrich, vice-champion in the decathlon at the 1948 Olympic Games in London, stated a few years ago: "In Alsace, athletics, even for me, started in May; before that, it was cross-country and basketball." The results of a strictly disciplinary championship often included unexpected events. Traces of this can still be found with challenges like the basketball-athlete, the football-athlete, and the complete gymnast, the last edition of which took place in 1966.
It is challenging to analyze the contemporary sports model from this perspective. Despite the advancements in football, basketball, cross-country, and athletics, the essence of popular sports activity lies in large gymnastics gatherings, which is the primary focus of this federation. Originally intended to promote complete and harmonious physical development and skills, gymnastics was predominantly a multi-sport discipline. Running, jumping, throwing, climbing, lifting-carrying, and swimming events were prevalent in gymnastics championships until 1954 when they were phased out at the Moscow championships. Prior to this change, champions often excelled in weightlifting, throwing, or pole vaulting rather than traditional gymnastics apparatus like the horizontal bar. Floor acrobatics were also absent from competitive programs during this time. The Occupation period further emphasized the natural physical education method advocated by Georges Hébert, promoting the concept of the complete athlete. This approach persisted in patronages until the establishment of the FSFP and began to decline after the Rome Olympics in 1960.
The Federal Song
Since Francisco Amoros, collective singing has been a genuine exercise associated with gymnastics. In 1818, he published a work grouping together the best works suited for this purpose. The FGSPF also follows this tradition and has its own anthem, first published on March 27, 1932. The anthem exalts patriotic and spiritual values with lyrics by R.P. Bellouard and martial music by Gabriel Defrance, who was the president of the music and bands commission. Here is the chorus:
"We stand here in the arena
O France, applaud our battles
The voices of the great dead lead us
And the Federation guides our steps."
This work is not confidential and should be known to all members of the federation. Its execution is a part of the ranking of gymnastics competitions, and each section must perform it outdoors in a deployed order, marking time in place before proceeding to ensemble exercises, often in the early morning dew. This practice was followed until the 1960s.
Note: FGSPF Purchases
In 1925, the FGSPF established a commercial entity known as the Purchasing Service, which operates independently and shares the same acronym (FGSPF, meaning General Sporting Supplies for the Patronages of France). This small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) is tasked with providing sports supplies and equipment (such as clothing, balls, and gymnastics apparatus) to the headquarters services and members.
Notes and references
Références
Gérard Cholvy:
Fabien Groeninger:
Robert Hervet:
Jean-Marie Jouaret:
Laurence Munoz et Jan Tolleneer :
Claude Piard :
Yvon Tranvouez :
Les Jeunes (FSCF periodical magazine):
Additional references: