Hamengkubuwono II, 2nd Sri Sultan of Yogyakarta (also spelled Hamengkubuwana II, 7 March 1750 – 3 January 1828), born Raden Mas Sundoro, was the second sultan of Yogyakarta 1792–1810, 1811–12 and finally 1826–28 during the Java War.
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Early life
He was the fifth son of Hamengkubuwana I, eldest son born to his second queen consort, Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Kadipaten. He spent his childhood with his mother, in a refugee camp due to the war against the VOC.
In his youth, he was sent to Surakarta, intended to get to know better his future bride candidate, Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Alit, the eldest daughter of Pakubuwana III. The son of their union would be expected to reunite Kasultanan Yogyakarta and Kasunanan Surakarta. However, the plan failed as Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Alit, sooner or later, wed Kanjeng Pangeran Harya Prabu Hamijaya, eldest son of Mangkunegara I born to a junior wife, Raden Ayu Kusumapatahati. This was considered humiliation to Yogyakarta, which resulted in the return of his half-sister, Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Bendara, who sued Mangkunegara I for divorce.
Reign
He succeeded his father, Hamengkubuwono I, who died in 1792. After Daendels pressured him, in December 1810, he was forced to abdicate in favour of his son, Raden Mas Surojo, who was made the new sultan, under the name Hamengkubuwono III. However, nearly one year later, in 1811, the English under Stamford Raffles restored him to the throne. However, due to his aggressive behaviour towards the English, six months later in June 1812, he was deposed and exiled to Penang. He returned to Java in 1815, but in 1817, deeming him a threat, he was exiled for the second time by the Dutch, this time to Ambon.
In 1826, the Dutch decided to return him from exile and restored him as the sultan. His third reign coincided with the Java War. On 3 January 1828, he died. He was succeeded by his great-grandson, Hamengkubuwono V. He was buried in Kotagede instead of the royal graveyard of Imogiri, due to the turbulence at the time.
Personal life
He had four queens consorts. The first was Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Kedhaton, daughter of Kanjeng Raden Tumenggung Purwadiningrat, Regent of Magetan. The second was of Surakarta lineage, Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Hemas, granddaughter of Pakubuwana II through his daughter, Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Alit, wife of Kanjeng Pangeran Harya Pakuningrat. The third queen, Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Kencana Wulan, was a daughter of Ki Bener, brother of Mas Tumenggung Sindureja. The last, Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Sultan, was a daughter of Kanjeng Raden Tumenggung Resagata, Regent of Sukowati. His concubine, Bendara Raden Ayu Nilaresmi, was a daughter of Ngabehi Wiryakrama, the Mantri Gunung of Tlagapitan.
His famous children were: Gusti Pangeran Haryo Mangkubumi / Kanjeng Gusti Panembahan Mangkurat, son of GKR. Kedhaton. Main supporters of Pangeran Diponegoro and one of his commanders-in-chief, and Bendoro Pangeran Haryo Joyokusumo / Bendoro Pangeran Haryo Hangabehi, son of Bendoro Mas Ayu Sumarsonowati. His maternal side is one of the sultan's concubines, who was of Javanese-Chinese ethnicity, commonly known as Peranakan Chinese. One of Pangeran Diponegoro's beloved uncles and loyal supporters. In the Java War, he acted as a war strategist and battlefield commander.
Family
Royal Consorts
Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Kedhaton
Gusti Raden Mas Suraja (1769 - 1814), appointed as the Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Anom Hamengkunegara (Crown Prince) of Yogyakarta, succeeded as Hamengkubuwana III
Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Bendara
Married Kanjeng Raden Tumenggung Sumadiningrat
Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Hangger
Married Kanjeng Raden Adipati Danureja II
Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Madurêtna
Married Raden Rangga Prawiradirja III
Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Hemas, first cousin once removed of the Sultan. She was a member of Surakarta royal family and granddaughter of Pakubuwana II.
Gusti Pangeran Harya Mangkudiningrat
Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Kencana Wulan
Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Hayu
Married Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Arya Paku Alam II
Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Anom
Married Kanjeng Pangeran Harya Purwanegara
Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Timur
Married Kanjeng Pangeran Harya Suryaningprang
Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Sasi
Married Kanjeng Raden Adipati Danureja III
Notable Descendants
Diponegoroson of Hamengkubuwana III. An Indonesian National Hero who resisted Dutch colonial rule during Java War (1825–1830).
Raden Ayu Nataningprangdaughter of Gusti Pangeran Harya Mangkudiningrat. A primary consort to Kanjeng Pangeran Harya Nataningprang, Paku Alam III, and Paku Alam V, mother of Paku Alam IV.
Sukarnogreat-great-grandson of Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Harya Mangkudiningrat, son of GKR Hemas, Indonesian Founding Father and the first president of Indonesia.
Freya Jayawardana, a member of JKT48. On her 17th Birthday, she received a noble title, "Raden Roro."
Margono Djojohadikusumogreat-great-grandson of Bendara Pangeran Harya Martosono, the founder and first president of Bank Negara Indonesia.
Sumitro Djojohadikusumogreat-great-great-grandson of Bendara Pangeran Harya Martosono, minister during the administrations of Sukarno and Suharto.
Prabowo Subiantogreat-great-great-great-grandson of Bendara Pangeran Harya Martosono, eighth president of Indonesia.
Hashim Djojohadikusumogreat-great-great-great-grandson of Bendara Pangeran Harya Martosono, an Indonesian entrepreneur and billionaire.
Didit Hediprasetyogreat-great-great-great-great-grandson of Bendara Pangeran Harya Martosono, an Indonesian fashion designer.
Aryo Djojohadikusumogreat-great-great-great-great-grandson of Bendara Pangeran Harya Martosono, an Indonesian Representative Council member.
Rahayu Saraswatigreat-great-great-great-great-granddaughter of Bendara Pangeran Harya Martosono, an Indonesian Representative Council.