Heart of a Gamer

Early life

Satoru Iwata was born on December 6, 1959, and raised in Sapporo, Japan, where his father, Hiroshi Iwata, served as a prefectural official. Throughout middle and high school, Iwata displayed leadership skills through service as class president, student council president, and club president at various times. His first experience with computers was in middle school with a demonstration computer that used telephone lines. Iwata frequented the Sapporo subway and played a simple numeric game called Game 31 on a pay-per-hour computer until he mastered it. With money saved from a dish-washing job and an additional allowance from his father, Iwata purchased an HP-65, the first magnetic-card programmable calculator, in 1974. After entering Hokkaido Sapporo South High School in April 1975, he began developing his own games during his junior year. The simple number and sports games Iwata produced, such as a baseball simulation, Volleyball, and Missile Attack, made use of the programmable calculator he shared with his schoolmates.

Using his graduation gift money, he obtained his first computer, a Commodore PET 2001, in 1978. He dismantled and studied the machine out of a desire to understand its architecture. The computer coincidentally used a central processing unit (the MOS 6502) similar to the Ricoh 2A03 processor later used by Nintendo in the Family Computer (Famicom) and Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), a console for which he would later write software. Following high school, Iwata was admitted to the Tokyo Institute of Technology in April 1978, where he majored in computer science. Tomohiko Uematsu, an engineering professor, noted Iwata's proficiency with software programming and remarked that Iwata could write code faster and more accurately than any of his other students.

While attending the university, he served as one of several unpaid interns at Commodore Japan, assisting the subsidiary's head engineer, Yash Terakura, with hardware and software-development tasks, including the Commodore Color PET prototype and early software such as Car Race and Star Battle. One of his primary reasons for taking the internship was to spend more time around computers and learn technical details not openly available to the public. Terakura served as a mentor to Iwata, teaching him hardware engineering to supplement Iwata's software knowledge. Iwata and several friends rented an apartment in Akihabara and formed a club where they created and coded games. Classmates living in nearby apartments referred to Iwata's room as "Game Center Iwata". He frequently demonstrated his programs in the computer department of the Seibu department store in Ikebukuro, and in 1980 a group of fellow enthusiasts he met there invited him to join their newly formed company, HAL Laboratory, Inc.

HAL Laboratory

Iwata worked for HAL Laboratory as a part-time programmer beginning in 1980. Among their first creations was a peripheral device that enabled older personal computers, such as the MSX and Commodore VIC-20, to display video game graphics. With this device, Iwata and members of HAL created multiple games that he later described as "straight rip-offs of Namco's Rally-X, Galaxian, and others". HAL subsequently became the first company to establish an official license with Namco for converting arcade games to home computers. He joined HAL in a full-time capacity after graduating in 1982, becoming its fifth employee and sole programmer. Around the same time, his father Hiroshi was elected mayor of Muroran. Despite Iwata's passion, his family disapproved of his decision to join a small start-up company, and his father did not speak with him for six months after he joined HAL full-time.

Iwata became HAL's coordinator of software production in 1983, when he helped establish a relationship with Nintendo to develop software for its newly launched Family Computer (Famicom), released internationally as the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). He traveled to Kyoto to request permission to develop games for the console, to which Nintendo agreed. His first commercial console project was a 1983 Famicom port of Williams Electronics' 1982 arcade game Joust, originally commissioned as part of a proposed distribution agreement in which Atari would market the Famicom outside Japan. After the Atari deal fell through, the port was published by HAL in Japan in 1987 and in North America in 1988. Iwata subsequently programmed several early Famicom and NES games for Nintendo, including Pinball (1984), Golf (1984), F-1 Race (1984), and Balloon Fight (1985), followed by Famicom Grand Prix II: 3D Hot Rally (1988), NES Open Tournament Golf (1991), EarthBound (1994), and the Kirby series.

During the development of the home console version of Balloon Fight, Iwata wrote a high-precision routine that calculated the player's position using fractional sub-pixel values to achieve smoother aerial physics than the arcade version, Vs. Balloon Fight. Impressed by the smoothness of the movement, Nintendo programmer Toshihiko Nakago consulted Iwata and adopted the same calculation method for the underwater swimming physics in Super Mario Bros. Nintendo had also approached several external studios to produce the original Golf, all of whom declined because they believed the required data for an 18-hole course could not fit into the Famicom's limited memory; Iwata volunteered to program the game himself, creating a custom data compression algorithm to fit the entire course onto the cartridge. When Shigesato Itoi and Ape Inc.'s role-playing project EarthBound (known in Japan as Mother 2) stalled after four years of development, Iwata examined the code and advised the team that fixing the existing build would take two years, whereas restarting from scratch using new development tools built at HAL would take six months. By restructuring the codebase and workflow, Iwata helped the team finish EarthBound within a year.

Nintendo

Early years (2000–2002)

In 2000, Iwata joined Nintendo as the head of its corporate planning division and took a seat on the board of directors. Over the next two years, he sought to reduce the cost and length of game development while preserving software quality. During his first two years at Nintendo, the company saw profit increases of 20 and 41 percent, gains that were partially attributed to his initiatives. When Yamauchi, the company's president since 1949, retired on May 24, 2002, Iwata succeeded him as Nintendo's fourth president with Yamauchi's blessing. He was the first Nintendo president unrelated to the Yamauchi family through blood or marriage since the company's founding in 1889. Yamauchi left the company in Iwata's hands with a final request: "that Nintendo give birth to wholly new ideas and create hardware which reflects that ideal. And make software that adheres to that same standard." Iwata inherited a company that promoted individualism, with a policy established by Yamauchi to create new development groups as needed, though this structure inhibited efficient collaboration between certain departments.

At the time of Iwata's inauguration as president, Nintendo, while still profitable, was underperforming compared to competing console manufacturers. The GameCube was selling poorly relative to Sony's PlayStation 2 and Microsoft's Xbox. His presidency also coincided with the rise of online console gaming, a market segment Nintendo had largely avoided. He took a measured approach to the issue, stating: "We're not negative toward the idea of going online. We're just practical." He also fostered a partnership between Nintendo and Capcom for exclusive titles intended to bolster the GameCube's appeal. During a 2002 interview, Iwata stated that he felt the video game industry was becoming overly exclusive and complex, and that he wanted to develop hardware and software that appealed to all players rather than chasing cutting-edge graphics.

One of his first actions as president was to meet directly with the company's 40 department heads and 150 other employees. This contrasted sharply with Yamauchi's practice of rarely meeting with staff and delivering a single annual address. Shigeru Miyamoto described the previous corporate atmosphere as "stuffy" and stated that Iwata "improved the ventilation". Aware that his title as president alone would not guarantee buy-in from veteran creators, Iwata sought to communicate with employees on a personal level. If staff members disagreed with his view, Iwata encouraged them to pursue their own concept over his, stating that "creators only improve themselves by taking risks". Alongside increased personal interaction, Iwata introduced greater data analysis and empirical testing into Nintendo's business operations. Whereas Yamauchi made decisions based on intuition and experience, Iwata presented hypotheses backed by market data to build consensus. Iwata also promoted Miyamoto, Genyo Takeda, Yoshihiro Mori, and Shinji Hatano to representative directors on the company's board of directors, matching his own representative standing.

Revitalization of the company (2003–2009)

Following up on his 2002 interview, Iwata highlighted an urgent challenge in the gaming market during his keynote address at the 2003 Tokyo Game Show. In this speech, he reflected on the history of the industry and warned of declining public interest in video games. A contraction in the Japanese market had begun at the end of the 1990s and continued into the early 2000s. Competition between Nintendo and Sony had resulted in increasingly complex, hardware-focused consoles, and the Nintendo 64 had proven difficult for third-party developers to program, hurting software output. After a year-long internal review conducted at Iwata's behest, Nintendo concluded that pushing raw hardware specifications was not the most effective way to promote video games and decided to prioritize accessible software and interfaces. In 2004, Iwata oversaw a major internal reorganization of Nintendo, consolidating various research and development divisions established under Yamauchi to foster cross-departmental collaboration. He subsequently established a "User Expansion Project" in 2005 in which employees outside traditional game development teams could submit concepts for new titles.

In a March 2004 interview, Iwata stated: "Games have come to a dead end." He argued that developers wasted too much effort catering exclusively to core gamers and would struggle to remain profitable if they did not appeal to novices and casual players. Furthermore, he wished to prove that Nintendo, viewed as a conservative company at the time, would become a leading innovator in entertainment. Iwata articulated a "blue ocean" market strategy to help Nintendo compete outside traditional console rivalries. Rather than battling Sony and Microsoft over technical specifications, Iwata drew on his background as a programmer and designer to deliver novel hardware interfaces and accessible software under the Touch! Generations label.

Iwata helped lead a revitalization of Nintendo's handheld business by transitioning the company from the Game Boy Advance to the Nintendo DS, which featured a dual-screen clamshell form factor and a touchscreen that enabled novel game mechanics. The concept of placing two screens on a single portable device originated with Yamauchi prior to his retirement, while Miyamoto suggested incorporating a touchscreen. Miyamoto subsequently spearheaded development of the device and its prototypes. The Nintendo DS proved to be a highly profitable platform and became the second-best-selling video game console of all time, with more than 154 million units—including subsequent hardware revisions—sold by September 2014. In June 2004, Iwata met with neuroscientist Ryuta Kawashima regarding a software concept that could appeal to non-gamers, which became Brain Age: Train Your Brain in Minutes a Day!, released in Japan in May 2005. Iwata personally oversaw development of the Brain Age series, even forgoing a public appearance on the day of the Nintendo DS's Japanese launch on December 2, 2004, to work on the project. Miyamoto supported Iwata's work on the series and assigned one of his protégés, Kouichi Kawamoto, to direct the game. The Brain Age series is credited with broadening the demographic appeal of the Nintendo DS, and the franchise sold over 30 million copies by December 2008.

Financial downturn (2010–2014)

Subsequent hardware systems launched under Iwata's tenure, including the Nintendo 3DS and Wii U, were not as commercially successful as the DS and Wii, and Nintendo's finances entered a downturn beginning in 2010. During the development phase of the 3DS, a handheld console featuring autostereoscopic 3D without the need for special glasses, Iwata stated that his technical background helped keep Nintendo's hardware engineers grounded. Nintendo hoped that the successor to the Nintendo DS would reinvigorate earnings as Wii and DS sales slowed. However, sluggish sales following the early 2011 launch of the Nintendo 3DS caused the company's stock to fall by 12 percent on July 29, 2011. The weak launch prompted an August price cut from its introductory price of US$250 to US$170. Hardware sales of the 3DS continued to trail initial projections in 2012. Iwata acknowledged in 2014 that he had misread market conditions and had not adequately accounted for changing consumer lifestyles since the launch of the Wii, continuing to emphasize family-oriented titles despite shifting player habits.

The Wii U, released in November 2012, was sold below its manufacturing cost as Nintendo counted on software sales to offset hardware losses. The transition to high-definition (HD) graphics, a capability absent from the original Wii, placed unexpected strain on Nintendo's internal development teams and caused widespread software delays. Compounding consumer frustration was Iwata's stated disinterest in the strategies of competitors such as Microsoft and Sony, both of which had experienced similar production bottlenecks during the launches of the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. Paul Tassi of Forbes argued that Nintendo could have managed the transition more smoothly by studying Microsoft and Sony's earlier shift to HD development pipelines. The console ultimately fell far short of sales projections and became Nintendo's slowest-selling home console, with 9.5 million units sold by June 2015. Miyamoto attributed the weak sales to public confusion over the Wii U's GamePad concept and whether the system was merely an accessory for the original Wii. Iwata later conceded that Nintendo had failed to establish the Wii U as a "worthy" successor to the Wii and had not sufficiently demonstrated the value of its dual-screen gameplay. The commercial struggles of the 3DS and Wii U prompted Mitsushige Akino of Ichiyoshi Asset Management Co. to suggest that Iwata resign.

Nintendo's annual net sales declined from a peak of ¥1.8 trillion (US$18.7 billion) in fiscal 2009 to ¥549 billion (US$4.6 billion) in fiscal 2015, with net income losses incurred in 2012 and 2014. In 2010, regulatory filings disclosed that Iwata earned a base salary of ¥68 million (US$770,000), which rose to ¥187 million (US$2.11 million) with performance-based bonuses, compared to Miyamoto's base compensation of ¥100 million (US$1.13 million). Iwata voluntarily cut his salary in half in 2011 and again in 2014 to take responsibility for the company's financial performance, while other members of Nintendo's board of directors took pay reductions of 20 to 30 percent. The executive pay cuts also protected the job security of Nintendo's workforce, as Iwata argued that laying off employees to boost short-term finances would damage staff morale and undermine long-term game quality. In 2012, Nintendo recorded its first annual operating loss since entering the video game market more than three decades earlier. Operating losses continued for two more fiscal years before the company returned to profitability at the close of fiscal 2015, buoyed by strong sales of Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire and Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U.

Mobile market and Switch (2015)

In early 2010, the growth of Apple Inc.'s App Store prompted industry concern that portable gaming was shifting away from dedicated hardware toward smart devices. That July, Iwata acknowledged competition from Apple and reportedly described the company as the "enemy of the future". During a 2011 interview, Iwata opposed putting Nintendo software on smartphones, stating that the company would "cease to be Nintendo" if it abandoned dedicated hardware. He argued that mobile business models prioritized short-term monetization over long-term software value. His stance gradually evolved over the following years as smartphone adoption expanded. In 2012, he acknowledged that smartphones posed significant competition while maintaining confidence in Nintendo's dedicated handhelds. During a financial briefing for the fiscal year ending March 2014, Iwata stated: "I believe that the era has ended when people play all kinds of games only on dedicated gaming systems", citing the convenience of smart devices for quick entertainment. Analysts and investors criticized his initial reluctance to enter the mobile market, with Yoshihisa Toyosaki, president of Architect Grand Design Inc., asserting that "Nintendo is out of touch" for disregarding external market shifts.

In March 2015, Iwata directed part of Nintendo's strategy toward the mobile game sector, establishing a landmark capital and business alliance with mobile provider DeNA to co-develop smartphone titles alongside Nintendo's dedicated console hardware. This modified Nintendo's longstanding practice of keeping its franchises exclusive to its own hardware platforms. Iwata emphasized that although Nintendo intellectual properties would appear on smart devices, the company would not compromise their value, and that the primary objective was to expand the audience acquainting themselves with Nintendo characters rather than maximizing short-term mobile revenue. Following the DeNA announcement, Iwata reiterated his view that conventional free-to-play mobile games—which he preferred to call "free-to-start"—risked eroding consumer trust if they used exploitative payment mechanics. He maintained that aggressive monetization did not align with Nintendo's values and could not sustain a "long-lasting relationship with [Nintendo's] customers".

Concurrently with the DeNA partnership in March 2015, Iwata announced Nintendo's next dedicated gaming platform under the codename "NX", which later launched as the Nintendo Switch. Iwata oversaw development of the Switch through the final months of his life, serving as the system's head developer. In a February 2017 interview with Time, Miyamoto noted that Iwata had focused heavily on the console's technical architecture and network capabilities, aiming to build a portable system that fostered in-person communication.

Public relations

During the early years of his presidency, Iwata frequently declined media appearances unless new hardware was being announced so he could devote more time to internal development. His approach shifted over time, and he became the centerpiece of Nintendo's public relations strategy. Iwata strengthened Nintendo's connection with its audience by communicating directly through social media and by hosting Iwata Asks, a long-running series of round-table interviews with Nintendo's hardware engineers and game designers. Initiated in September 2006, the series drew upon Iwata's background as a programmer and his curiosity regarding the creative mindsets of other developers. The transcripts highlighted the camaraderie between Iwata and Nintendo's staff, punctuated by frequent jokes and laughter, while offering public insight into the internal design processes of the historically secretive company.

In October 2011, Iwata helped launch Nintendo Direct, a series of streamed video presentations that delivered news on upcoming Nintendo software and hardware directly to consumers outside traditional press outlets. The broadcasts were often lighthearted and self-deprecating, reflecting Iwata's own demeanor in contrast to the formal corporate presentations typical of Sony and Microsoft. One presentation opened with a staged martial-arts battle between Iwata and Nintendo of America president Reggie Fils-Aimé to announce playable Mii fighters in Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U. His appearances inspired numerous Internet memes, including his signature "directly to you" hand gesture, the catchphrase "please understand" used when announcing game delays, forum posts appending "[Iwata laughs]" in reference to his Iwata Asks transcripts, and screenshots of him staring silently at a bunch of bananas during an E3 2012 segment promoting the Donkey Kong franchise.

Through his regular presence in Iwata Asks and Nintendo Direct, Iwata became the public face of Nintendo. He enjoyed conversing with journalists and prepared anecdotes in advance to entertain them, often staying after scheduled interviews to chat casually when time permitted.

Other projects

Iwata assisted Tsunekazu Ishihara in founding Creatures Inc. in 1995 and The Pokémon Company in 1998, and coordinated domestic and international licensing structures with The Pokémon Company when it was established. In 1998, Iwata helped his friend and EarthBound collaborator Shigesato Itoi launch the lifestyle company Hobonichi (*Hobo Nikkan Itoi Shinbun*) by serving as the company's voluntary IT manager. Asked by Itoi one month prior to the website's June 6, 1998 launch to set up its servers and technical infrastructure, Iwata personally enjoyed the hands-on role and retained the title in 2007 even while running Nintendo full-time. While serving as head of corporate planning at Nintendo in 2001, Iwata traveled to HAL Laboratory to debug code for the GameCube launch title Super Smash Bros. Melee so the game would meet its release schedule, marking his final hands-on programming credit. Building on his work with the Brain Age series, Iwata oversaw educational and lifestyle titles for the Nintendo DS including Kanji Sonomama Rakubiki Jiten DS, English Training: Have Fun Improving Your Skills!, and Imasara Hito ni Kikenai Otona no Joushikiryoku Training DS. As executive producer at Nintendo, he also supervised entries in the Animal Crossing, Mario, Metroid Prime, and The Legend of Zelda franchises, and appeared in a cameo as "Shop Manager Iwata" in WarioWare: Smooth Moves. Beginning in 2013, Iwata collaborated with Ishihara and Niantic founder John Hanke on the development of Pokémon Go, an augmented reality mobile game that was publicly unveiled in September 2015, two months after his death.

Illness and death

On June 5, 2014, Nintendo announced that Iwata would not attend E3 2014 on his physician's advice. Iwata issued a public message to shareholders on June 24 revealing that he had undergone surgery the previous week to remove a tumor in his bile duct discovered during a routine physical examination. After roughly four months of recovery following the operation, he returned to work in October. Having lost a noticeable amount of weight during his convalescence, he stated that he felt healthier as a result. Iwata made his first post-surgery public appearance in a Nintendo Direct broadcast on November 5, appearing "gaunt and pale". Taking the change in stride, he updated his official Mii avatar in June 2015 to reflect his slimmer appearance. On January 28, 2015, Iwata developed a high fever from suspected influenza, forcing a shareholder briefing to be rescheduled. Shortly after attending Nintendo's annual general meeting of shareholders on June 26, Iwata fell ill again and was hospitalized. Despite his hospitalization, Iwata continued working from his bed via laptop and sent feedback on Pokémon Go to Tsunekazu Ishihara. He died from complications of the bile duct tumor on July 11, 2015, at the age of 55 at Kyoto University Hospital. He was survived by his wife, Kayoko (佳代子). Nintendo formally announced his death the following day.

Flags at Nintendo's Kyoto headquarters were lowered to half-staff on July 13, and Nintendo's regional offices observed a day of silence across all of their social media accounts in remembrance of Iwata. Industry executives, developers, and players expressed their condolences and gratitude across social media. Fans established public memorials around the world, including at the Japanese Embassy in Moscow, Russia, and the Nintendo World Store in Manhattan, New York. Shuhei Yoshida, president of SCE Worldwide Studios, stated: "I pray that Mr. Iwata, who contributed so much to the development of the gaming industry, rests in peace." Composer and director Junichi Masuda, known for his work on the Pokémon series, tweeted: "He was a man who understood Pokémon, and a great leader. When I visited the other day, he was well. I will pray for his soul from the bottom of my heart." The Tokyo Institute of Technology published a memorial statement on August 4 featuring recollections from Iwata's former classmates and professors. At The Game Awards 2015, Reggie Fils-Aimé delivered a tribute to Iwata, describing him as "fearless" and "unique, in the fullest meaning of the word".

Several hours after the announcement of Iwata's death, a photograph of a rainbow rising over Nintendo's headquarters in Kyoto was shared widely on Twitter and dubbed "the Rainbow Road to heaven" in reference to the recurring course in the Mario Kart series. Buddhist funeral services for Iwata were held in Kyoto on July 16 and 17. Despite stormy weather caused by Typhoon Nangka, an estimated 4,100 people attended to pay their respects, including Reggie Fils-Aimé, Shigeru Miyamoto, Genyo Takeda, and Masahiro Sakurai. Following the wake, Iwata's remains were cremated and his ashes were interred at an undisclosed location in Kyoto.

Influence and legacy

Throughout his career, Iwata was known for unconventional ideas and for reshaping the video game medium. He was widely viewed as the embodiment of Nintendo: playful, quirky, humorous, and dedicated to fun. Iwata's technical skill led peers to regard him as a programming prodigy, with some likening him to a Japanese Bill Gates. His hands-on approach to management earned him respect from both developers and players. The opening lines of his "Heart of a Gamer" keynote at GDC 2005 came to be seen as the essence of his identity as a humble executive devoted to video games. Alongside colleagues such as Miyamoto, he is credited with vastly expanding the gaming audience and establishing new genres. By appealing to new demographics rather than competing directly on hardware specifications against Microsoft and Sony, Iwata avoided a "straight fight" with Nintendo's rivals and achieved record growth, earning the moniker of a "gentle revolutionary". Chris Kohler of Wired wrote that "thanks to Nintendo's Satoru Iwata, we're all gamers now", referring to the mainstream adoption of video games following the launches of the Nintendo DS and Wii. Although widely admired, he faced criticism during his later tenure for his hesitancy to bring Nintendo franchises to the mobile market. Following Iwata's death, Reggie Fils-Aimé remarked that "it will be years before his impact on both Nintendo and the full video game industry will be fully appreciated."

In October 2015, a custom fan-made Amiibo figure modeled after Iwata's Mii avatar was auctioned for US$1,900 on eBay, with all proceeds donated to the Child's Play charity in his memory. Iwata was posthumously and unanimously awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2015 Golden Joystick Awards for his influence across the gaming industry, followed by a posthumous Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2016 D.I.C.E. Awards. At the 2016 Game Developers Choice Awards, Iwata was honored with a short animated film illustrated by David Hellman, the artist who worked on Braid. In July 2019, Hobonichi published Iwata-san (岩田さん), a book compiled by Yasuhiro Nagata in Japan containing excerpts from Iwata Asks columns alongside posthumous interviews with Iwata's closest friends, including Shigeru Miyamoto and Shigesato Itoi. In response to international demand, the publisher arranged to localize the book into multiple languages through the Tuttle-Mori Agency, and Viz Media published the English edition in North America as Ask Iwata: Words of Wisdom from Satoru Iwata, Nintendo's Legendary CEO on April 13, 2021.

Video game tributes

An in-game dedication reading "This game is dedicated to our wingman who fell in battle" appears at the end of the credits for the 2016 Wii U game Star Fox Zero. Another widely noted tribute appears in the 2017 Nintendo Switch launch game The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild, which was in development at the time of his death. A non-player character named Botrick, who bears a close physical resemblance to Iwata, directs the player to Satori Mountain in search of the mystical Lord of the Mountain, also known as "Satori". Given the similarity between "Satori" and "Satoru" and the creature's role as a guiding spirit, commentators interpreted the quest as an homage to Iwata. Both Botrick and the Lord of the Mountain return in the 2023 sequel The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom.

In September 2017, modders discovered that an emulated version of the NES game Golf—which Iwata had programmed—was hidden inside the Nintendo Switch system firmware under the internal filename `"flog"`, triggered by holding the Joy-Con controllers and performing Iwata's signature Nintendo Direct hand gesture when the system clock was set to July 11, the date of his death. Nintendo removed the executable in system software update 4.0.0 later that year. In Pokémon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon (2017), visiting the in-game Game Freak office with a Pokémon originating from Pokémon Gold and Silver triggers dialogue from a non-player character recounting how the team had trouble with data compression on Gold and Silver until an "amazing guy" created a helpful program for them, acknowledging Iwata's graphic compression algorithm.