Karpov (masculine, Russian: Карпов) or Karpova (feminine, Russian: Карпова) is a Russian surname of the Karpov family. Notable people with the surname include:
Aleksandr Karpov (1917–1944), Soviet ace, double Hero of the Soviet Union
Andriy Karpov (born 1987), Ukrainian motorcyclist
Anatoly Karpov (born 1951), Russian chess grandmaster, Undisputed World Chess Champion 1975–85, and FIDE World Chess Champion 1993–99
Dmitriy Karpov (born 1981), Kazakhstani athlete, husband of Irina
Elena Karpova (born 1980), Russian basketball player
Irina Karpova (born 1980), Kazakhstani athlete, wife of Dmitriy
Lev Iakovlevich Karpov (1879–1921), Russian Chemist and Bolshevik revolutionary
Sergey Karpov (born 1948), Russian historian
Valeri Karpov (born 1971), Soviet ice hockey player
Vladimir Karpov (1922–2010), Soviet soldier and writer
Vladimir Karpov (politician) (1948–2015), Russian politician