Moon Jae-in

Early life, education, and military service

Moon Jae-in was born in Geoje, South Korea, on January 24, 1953, shortly before the end of the Korean War, as the second child and oldest son among five children of father Moon Yong-hyung and mother Kang Han-ok. His parents were refugees from South Hamgyong Province, North Korea who fled their native city of Hungnam in the Hungnam evacuation during the Korean War. His father worked as head of the agriculture department that detained food, especially the rice of Korean colonial people, as one of the main tasks in Heungnam, Hamju, South Hamgyong Province.

His family eventually settled in Busan. Since his father did not want to become a government employee as he had been in North Korea, he started a business selling socks, which left his family in great debt. His mother became the main earner by selling clothes received from relief organizations and delivering briquettes. Moon's family became attached to the Catholic Church when his mother went to the local cathedral to receive whole milk powder. Moon once said in an interview that he did not know how to ride a bike since his family was too poor to afford a bike or a monthly school tuition.

Moon entered Kyungnam High School and reportedly placed at the top of his class. He was accepted to study law at Kyung Hee University with a full scholarship. At university, he met his future wife, Kim Jung-sook. After organizing a student protest against the Yushin Constitution, he was arrested, convicted, imprisoned at Seodaemun Prison, and expelled from the university. Later, he was conscripted into the military and assigned to the 1st Special Forces Brigade, where he participated in "Operation Paul Bunyan" during the axe murder incident in Panmunjom.

After his honorable discharge, the death of his father motivated him to study for the bar exam. He stayed at the Buddhist temple of Daeheungsa to study for the exam and passed the first of two rounds in 1979. In 1980, he returned to Kyung Hee University to complete the remainder of his studies. Later that year, he passed the second round of the bar exam and was admitted to the Judicial Research and Training Institute. He graduated from the Institute ranked second in his class but was not appointed a judge or prosecutor due to his history of student activism against the Yushin dictatorship under Park Chung Hee. Moon then chose to go into private practice instead.

Early career

Human rights lawyer

After becoming a lawyer, he worked under future president Roh Moo-hyun in the 1980s. Along with Roh, he took cases involving the labor rights issues and became renowned for his work in human rights. As a member of the Busan Bar Association, Moon investigated the child labor camp known as the Brothers Home.

He was a founding member of the progressive South Korean newspaper, The Hankyoreh, in 1988.

Roh Moo-hyun administration

Yielding to Roh's insistence, Moon became Roh's campaign manager during his presidential bid. After Roh's victory, Moon became Roh's close aide holding various roles in a presidential administration. Moon held roles as Senior Presidential Secretary for Civil Affairs, Senior Presidential Secretary for Civil Society and Chief Presidential Secretary from 2003 to 2008.

When the National Assembly voted to impeach Roh on violating election laws in 2004, Moon led the legal delegation for Roh at the Constitutional Court and won the case.

Moon, as Roh's chief of staff, led the preparation committee of the 2nd Inter-Korean Summit but did not attend the summit. Moon served as the chief mourner and the head of the funeral committee when Roh died by suicide after the latter was embroiled in a high-profile corruption and bribery investigation in May 2009, which deeply affected Moon. He reportedly held then-President Lee Myung-bak politically responsible for Roh's death, an accusation he denied when Lee publicly accused Moon of orchestrating a political vendetta after the Moon administration launched anti-corruption investigations into Lee once in power.

Political career before the presidency

Entry to politics

Despite his earlier indifference, he began to get involved in politics. He published a memoir called Moon Jae-in: The Destiny which became a bestseller. His popularity had been rising steadily against his likely opponent in the presidential race, Park Geun-hye. In a February 2012 poll, Moon rivaled Park in popularity.

Moon managed to capitalize on the conservatives' decline in popularity amid a series of corruption scandals. As one pundit said, "Moon had managed to portray himself as a moderate and rational leader who has the backing of the younger generation".

2012 general election

In 2012, Moon entered a bid for a seat in the National Assembly in the 19th legislative election. Moon won a seat in the Sasang District of Busan on April 11, 2012, as a member of the Democratic United Party with 55% of the vote. As of 2021, Sasang District belongs to the Conservative Party.

2012 presidential campaign

On September 16, 2012, Moon received the presidential nomination for the Democratic United Party.

He ran for the 2012 presidential election as the Democratic United Party's candidate in a three-way race against Park Geun-hye, the incumbent ruling party's candidate and daughter of the late president Park Chung Hee, as well as independent software mogul Ahn Cheol-soo. Ahn dropped out of the race and endorsed Moon after polls showed a most likely definitive loss for both candidates were there to be a three-way race against Park. Moon went on to lose the election.

Leader of the Democratic Party

Moon was elected as the leader of New Politics Alliance for Democracy (NPAD) on February 2, 2015. Prior to his election, Moon and NPAD party leader and 2012 presidential candidate rival Ahn Cheol-soo had many public disputes over the direction of the party.

Moon's official role led Ahn Cheol-soo to quit and form the centrist People's Party. Ahn's departure and Moon's new tenure as party leader led to renaming the liberal, NPAD Party as the new Democratic Party.

During his leadership, Moon scouted several politically prominent people, including police studies/criminology expert Pyo Chang-won, political critic Lee Chul-hee, and former president Park's secretary Cho Ung-chun to prepare for upcoming 2016 legislative elections. After his recruitment, Moon resigned his position for another scouted advisor/former Park advisor Kim Chong-in.

2017 presidential election

Primary and general election

Moon was considered the frontrunner to win Korea's 2017 presidential election, which would be the 19th term of the country's presidency, following the impeachment and removal of Park Geun-hye. The election had originally been scheduled for December 2017, but was brought forward to May 2017 in order to ensure that they would take place within 60 days of Park's removal, as required by the Constitution.

He won the Democratic Party's nomination against fellow party members Ahn Hee-jung, Lee Jae-myung, and Choi Sung with 57% of the votes.

The general election originally had 15 announced candidates. Moon faced four other major party nominees during the election, including 2012 presidential rival and past party colleague Ahn Cheol-soo of the People's Party and Hong Jun-pyo of the Liberty Korea Party. He was elected the 19th president of South Korea in Korea's 19th presidential election by a large plurality over two.

On May 10, 2017, Moon won the election with a plurality of 41.1% votes (out of 13,423,800 votes nationwide). As Moon was elected in a special election, he did not have the usual 60-day transition period of previous administrations but was instead inaugurated the day after the election.

Campaign positions on domestic policy

Moon's campaign promises in 2017 included intentions to put a 10 trillion won ($8.9 billion) fiscal stimulus to support job creation, start-ups, and small to mid-sized companies. His announced goal is to create 810,000 public sector jobs through raising taxes on the wealthy.

Moon's policy against corporate corruption, specifically in regard to Korean conglomerates known as "chaebols " is to give "minority shareholders more power in electing board members" of the companies.

Moon also promised transparency in his presidency, moving the presidential residence from the palatial and isolated Blue House to an existing government complex in downtown Seoul.

Moon was criticized for homophobic comments he made in a televised presidential debate for the 2017 presidential election, where Moon said he opposed homosexuality, in response to conservative candidate Hong Jun-pyo's remarks that gay soldiers were a source of weakness in the South Korean military. Moon's remark prompted immediate criticism during the debate from Sim Sang-jung, the sole presidential candidate to support LGBT rights and a member of the left wing Justice Party. The discriminatory remark also prompted outrage from gay rights activists, with some finding it especially unacceptable considering Moon being the leading liberal candidate and a former human rights lawyer. Some of Moon's supporters dismissed the comments as a tactic to win, as South Koreans tend to be conservative on social issues. Moon later backtracked on his original comments, clarifying that he believes there should be no discrimination based on sexual orientation, while at the same time opposing legalizing same-sex marriage.

Campaign positions on foreign policy

Moon has favored a peaceful reunification between the two Koreas. He was both widely criticized and widely praised for his comments stating that his first visit if elected president would be to visit North Korea, a visit that would be not unlike Roh Moo-hyun's visit to the country in 2007. Similarly, Moon's foreign policy towards North Korea is considered to closely align with the Sunshine Policy embraced by former liberal presidents Kim Dae-jung and Roh Moo-hyun.

His 2017 presidential campaign has supported re-opening of the Kaesong industrial park.

Moon's relatively liberal stance in foreign policy is reflected as he is quoted in a book: "I'm pro-U.S., but now South Korea should adopt diplomacy in which it can discuss a U.S. request and say no to the Americans." He opposes a re-balance of the security alliance with the United States, but has also stated that he would like South Korea "to be able to take the lead on matters on the Korean Peninsula." At the same time, Moon has stated that he considers America as a "friend" for its role in helping South Korea avoid communism while helping its economic growth.

Presidency (2017–2022)

Moon was sworn into office immediately after official votes were counted on 10 May 2017, replacing Acting President and Prime Minister Hwang Kyo-ahn. There was no transition period between the election and inauguration, unlike other presidential elections due to the nature of an election following a presidential impeachment and removal of his predecessor, Park Geun-hye. He served out the typical single five-year term with his presidential term concluding in 2022.

President Moon and his government has been widely described as left-wing or liberal by media.

On 15 August 2019, coinciding with Liberation Day, large-scale flag rallies occurred in central Seoul, including Seoul Station, City Hall Plaza, Daehanmun, and the outer ring of Gwanghwamun Plaza, calling to impeach Moon Jae-in. Protests were also held on 3 October, the national foundation day.

Domestic policy

Fiscal policy stance

According to the 2017-2021 National Fiscal Management Plan, the Moon Jae-in administration projected that the South Korean economy would achieve improved growth driven by exports and investment. However, it pointed out that the income polarization problem intensified while South Korea achieved growth in the past. To solve the income inequality, it was urgent to switch to a new economic paradigm. Moon Jae In administration emphasized the active role of government finance to achieve the goal of a “people-centered, sustainable growth economy”. This led to an expansionary fiscal policy stance. This was implemented as 'income-led growth', which was the core economic policy of the Moon Jae In administration. The Moon administration diagnosed that the proportion of corporate income in the national economy has increased due to the corporate-centered economic policy, while the proportion of household income has decreased significantly. As a result, the imbalance, such as the income gap between companies and households, the corporate income gap between large and small companies, and the wage income gap between workers, has deepened. The income-led growth policy was aimed at increasing the income of households to achieve economic growth.

The policy consisted of three pillars: increasing household income, expanding social safety nets and welfare, and investing in people. First, it planned to raise the minimum wage and expand ‘earned income tax credit’ to improve the income of low-wage workers. Policies to support self-employed small business owners were also initiated by reducing card fees and rent. Second, welfare expansion such as basic pension for the elderly, pension for the disabled, children's allowance, and basic living security was initiated. Third, the government sought to strengthen human capacity by reducing blind spots in employment insurance and strengthening unemployment benefit coverage. According to the Performance and Tasks of Income-led growth report, the proportion of low-wage workers has decreased since 2018, largely due to minimum wage increases. Wage disparities in the labor market based on gender, employment type, and company size have also shown improvement. Notably, the ‘labor income share’ increased by 5.5%, representing the most significant increase compared to previous administrations. Also income distribution indicators improved due to the improvement of the basic living security system, the increase in the basic pension, and the establishment of child allowances. In addition, the number of employment insurance policyholders continued to increase, helping to reduce blind spots.

2020 legislative election and subsequent reforms

Moon's Democratic Party won 163 constituency seats, while their satellite Platform party won 17 proportional representation seats, giving the alliance a total of 180 seats in the 300-seat assembly, enough to reach the three-fifths super-majority required to fast-track assembly procedures and "do everything but revising the Constitution at the parliament." This was the largest majority for any party since democracy was restored in 1987. The United Future Party and their satellite Future Korea Party won 84 constituency and 19 proportional seats respectively; their total of 103 seats (34.3%) was the worst conservative result since the 1960 legislative elections.

Subsequently, with its new three-fifths majority, the Democratic Party implemented a series of reforms and were approved by the National Assembly in December 2020 including:

removal of the National Intelligence Service (NIS)'s involvement in domestic intelligence and activities and transferring of such powers to the National Police Agency

Revisions to the 18 May Special Act, penalizing those involved in making false factual claims regarding the 1980 Gwangju Uprising

Revisions to the Inter-Korean Relations Act, penalizing sending of flyers to North Korea via balloons launched near the demilitarized zone

Revisions to the Labor Standards Act, setting the maximum work week to 52 hours a week, including overtime while allowing a business to exceed the 52-hour limit by giving an extended paid vacation for workers.

guaranteed paid parental leave for temporary workers

expansions to the range of workers who can participate in unions and raising the maximum duration of a collective bargaining agreement from two years to three years.

re-establishment of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.

Foreign policy

Moon visited the United States to meet with U.S. President Donald Trump in June 2017, discussing U.S.-Korea trade relations as well as North Korea's missile programs. Moon revealed in a joint news conference that President Trump accepted an invitation to visit South Korea.

Moon was a key broker in the historic nuclear negotiations between the U.S. and North Korea. He facilitated the historic 2018 Singapore summit between Donald Trump and Kim Jong-un and joined the U.S. president in his second meeting with Kim at the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) in 2019. Despite ideological differences with Trump — particularly regarding Trump's demands for increased cost-sharing and trade concessions — Moon affirmed the alliance as the "linchpin of peace and security". Occasional disputes did sour relations, such as the scrutiny in South Korea regarding the Japanese heritage of U.S. Ambassador to South Korea Harry B. Harris Jr. as well as Moon's comments in a 2021 interview to The New York Times that suggested that Trump "beat around the bush" and failed to fully execute denuclearization talks with North Korea, to which Trump quickly responded that Kim Jong-un had "never respected" Moon and called Moon "weak as a leader and as a negotiator".

The alliance deepened under Joe Biden, with both sides expanding into new cooperative areas such as supply chains, semiconductors and climate change. Moon pursued a "double allegiance" strategy, maintaining South Korea's defense ties with the U.S. while avoiding getting trapped in U.S. regional efforts to contain China, South Korea's largest trading partner.

Outlining his North Korea strategy in a speech in Berlin, Germany, on 6 July 2017, Moon characterized the process leading to unification as a long-term project, rather than laying out any detailed plans for a unified Korea.

He emphasized alliance with the United States and specified the need to assure dismantlement of North Korea's nuclear weapons program. At the same time, he presented the question of unification in a regional context and signaled his hopes of working in cooperation with the international community. He supported sanctions against North Korea, while leaving open the possibility of their being rescinded, and indicated that it is crucial to establish a peace treaty with North Korea to end the Korean War officially in exchange for denuclearization.

Post-presidency (2022–present)

Moon left office on 9 May 2022, and was succeeded the next day by Yoon Suk Yeol, who previously was appointed by Moon to be Prosecutor General of South Korea. Moon now resides at Pyeongsan Village, at Yangsan, South Gyeongsang Province.

In May 2024, Moon published a memoir entitled From the Periphery to the Center (변방에서 중심으로). The book renewed discussion of several controversies related to his presidency.

Following the declaration of martial law by President Yoon Suk Yeol on December 3, 2024, Moon said in a post on X: "I hope that the National Assembly will act quickly to protect our democracy from crumbling." He made a further statement urging the military to not participate in a non-emergency declaration of martial law, or obstruct the National Assembly's vote on its lifting.

In a February 2025 interview, Moon expressed his regret for appointing Yoon as Prosecutor General during his term, as Yoon used the conflict over prosecution reform with Moon's administration as a springboard to enter politics and win the presidency. Moon initially planned to travel to Seoul to protest the martial law, before the National Assembly overturned the martial law order. Moon called his successor "completely unfit for the presidency—he had no vision, no policy skills, and wasn't prepared". On 14 February 2025, the Hankyoreh revealed that former Defense Intelligence Command leader Roh Sang-won's personal notebook contained specific action plans to arrest Moon, as well as several other individuals such as judges and celebrities, and have them sent to a detention center.

Legacy

Moon finished his term as president with the highest approval rating in the history of the 6th Republic since free and fair elections resumed in 1987. However, despite his high approval ratings, his party lost power only after five years, the first since Korea's democratization in 1987. This suggests with assertions that his high approval ratings were primarily the outcome of extensive public relations efforts to build and maintain a favorable public image, coupled with an avoidance of addressing controversial issues during his presidency.

OECD and Pew Research Center polls showed that during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, which took place during Moon's presidency, South Koreans' levels of trust in government increased, and the government oversaw a more responsive and effective disaster response to the pandemic compared to previous disasters which took place in South Korea, such as the MERS outbreak and the Sewol ferry disaster. Moon's government reduced the maximum hour work week from 68 hours to 52, which led to an increase in work-life balance, expanded childcare benefits and provision, and also health care coverage.

However, Moon's government did not act on a new anti-discrimination bill despite having a majority in the National Assembly. It also failed to effectively resolve a housing crisis in the Seoul area and its surroundings (where half of South Korea's population resides). The Seoul housing crisis was said to be enough to swing the 2022 presidential election to the opposition conservatives to succeed Moon. Critics contended that the rapid increase in the minimum wage adversely affected the South Korean economy, which has a large number of self-employed people. Moon expressed some regret for the increase's impact on the self-employed.

For foreign policy, Moon would be remembered for presiding over South Korea's increased stature and prestige in international affairs as a middle power, and pushing forward with trade negotiations with South East Asia and India under his signature New Southern Policy (NSP). NSP aimed to diversify South Korea's economic and strategic relationships due to uncertainty caused by increasing competition between its closest ally, the United States, and the largest trading partner, China. However, Moon's summits with North Korea failed to achieve any significant breakthrough in inter-Korean or US-North Korea relations, and relations between South Korea and Japan fell to further new lows.

Electoral history

Honours

National honours

South Korea: Recipient of the Grand Order of Mugunghwa (3 May 2022)

Foreign distinctions

Austria: Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (14 June 2021)

Colombia: Grand Collar of the Order of Boyaca (25 August 2021)

Norway: Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Olav (12 June 2019)

Slovenia: Member of the Order for Exceptional Merits (21 September 2021)

Spain: Knight of the Collar of the Order of Civil Merit (8 June 2021)

Sweden: Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim (14 June 2019)

Other awards

Atlantic Council: Global Citizen Awards (19 September 2017)

IOC: Gold Olympic Order (30 August 2018)

Time: One of the 100 Most Influential People of 2018

Legal proceedings

Libel case

In September 2015, Moon sued former prosecutor Go Yeong-ju for libel in response to a statement he had made during Moon's campaign in 2013. Go had been quoted as calling Moon a "communist." As a public figure, Go had been noted for his investigation into the Burim incident, where he investigated five alleged communists who were later convicted of violating the anti-Communist National Security Law. On August 23, 2018, Seoul Central District Court Judge Kim Gyeong-jin. Go lauded the ruling as a victory for freedom of speech in South Korea. However, on 2 June 2020, the case was appealed. The prosecutor representing Moon is seeking one and a half years of jail time for Go. In February 2022, Go Yeong-ju's defamation trial against Moon Jae-in was ultimately concluded to be not guilty. And in the civil trial for damages, the court also ruled that Go was not liable.

2018 opinion rigging scandal in South Korea

In April 2018, a group of supporters of the South Korean President Moon Jae-in were charged with online opinion rigging. The accused suspects were the members of the ruling Democratic Party (DPK). The main perpetrator, as well as the leader of the pro-Moon group, was a well-known power-blogger called "Druking".

In 2018, the special prosecutor indicted South Gyeongsang Province Governor Kim Kyung-soo in relation to this case. In 2019, he was jailed for two years on charges of online-rigging operations in both the first and second instance. On 21 July 2021, he was sentenced to two years by the Supreme Court for online-rigging operations (crime on 'Interference with Business' by damaging or destroying any data processor, 컴퓨터등장애업무방해죄) and eventually lost his position as governor.

Alleged harassment of human rights groups

On 13 July 2020, Park Sang-hak, a citizen of South Korea and North Korean defector, wrote an op-ed in The Washington Post. He contended that the Moon administration was working to silence human rights activists in an effort to placate North Korea. Park wrote, "Ten days ago, a TV station revealed my home address to the world, exposing me to other North Korean assassins and their supporters in the South. My personal bank accounts are under investigation, and the government has forbidden me from leaving the country. On 30 June, the government moved to pull the civic licenses of our nongovernmental organization, preventing us from holding charity fundraisers." Park cited other examples of the Moon administration's interference with human rights activists, including a 2018 effort by NIS agents under the Moon administration to block journalists from accessing a speech by Thae Yong-ho, the highest-ranking official known to have defected from North Korea.

In response to the Moon administration's treatment of Park Sang-hak, the North Korea Freedom Coalition issued a letter to President Moon. It alleged that human rights activists had been "harassed" and urged the Moon administration to "cease these actions of intimidation which seek to silence their freedom of expression." The letter noted that the South Korean government's actions appeared to conflict with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights treaty, which was signed by South Korea in 1990. Signatories included Suzanne Scholte.

Bribery charges

On 24 April 2025, Moon was indicted for bribery on suspicion that he had facilitated the employment of his former son-in-law at Eastar Jet, in exchange for the airline's founder, Lee Sang-jik, being appointed as head of the Korea SMEs and Startups Agency.

Personal life

Family

In 1981, Moon married Kim Jung-sook, a vocalist at Kyung Hee University where he was also a student. He and Kim both individually revealed in separate Korean talk shows that they met each other when Moon was a student activist protesting the Yushin Constitution. They have two children: a daughter Moon Da-hye and a son, Moon Joon Yong who is active as a media artist.

Pets

Before his election as the president in 2017, Moon and his family lived with several dogs and cats who were all once abandoned by their previous guardians. Among those, a Pungsan dog Maru (마루) and a cat Jjingjjing (찡찡; also called Jjingjjingi; 찡찡이) have been confirmed to live with them at the Blue House either by the media or its official social media posts. Jjingjjing is the country's first-ever "First Cat."

After settling in at the official presidential residence at the Blue House, a dog Tori (토리; a mixed-breed) was adopted from an animal shelter in contrast with other "First Dogs" who have traditionally been purebred Jindo dogs. In regards to Tory's adoption, Moon stated that "we need to pay more attention to abandoned animals and care for them as a society" and that he wanted to remove the stigma against Tory's dark coat, which contributed to him being virtually un-adoptable for two years after he was rescued in 2015. He also received a pair of Pungsan dogs, male Songgang (송강) and female Gomi (곰이) from North Korean counterpart Kim Jong Un as a gift shortly after meeting in September 2018. Gomi later gave birth to six puppies, Sani (산이), Deuri (들이), Gangi (강이), Byeori (별이), Dari (달이), and Haennim (햇님) named after Korean words for parts of nature - a mountain, grass field, a river, a star, the Moon and the Sun. On 30 August 2019, the six puppies were sent to Seoul, Incheon, Daejeon and Gwangju, leaving their parents at Cheong Wa Dae.

Religion

Moon is the third Korean president who is a Catholic, after Kim Dae-jung and Roh Moo-hyun (a lapsed Catholic). Moon's wife, First Lady Kim Jung-sook, is also Catholic. He is the second leader who remains a practicing Catholic while in office; his baptismal (or Christian) name is Timothy.

Nickname

His nickname is "Dark King" (명왕; 冥王; Myeongwang), after the character Silvers Rayleigh from the Japanese manga series One Piece.

Authored books

Moon Jae-in (15 June 2011). 문재인의 운명 [Fate of Moon Jae-in] (in Korean) (1st ed.). Seoul: Gagyo. ISBN 978-89-7777-188-8.

———————; Kim In-hoe (23 November 2011). 검찰을 생각한다 [Think of the prosecution] (in Korean). Paju: May Books. ISBN 978-89-966875-2-8.

——————— (6 August 2012). 사람이 먼저다 [Person comes first] (in Korean). Seoul: Purple Cow. ISBN 978-89-97838-02-8.

——————— (8 August 2012). 문재인이 드립니다 [Moon Jae-in gives it] (in Korean). Paju: Leaders Book. ISBN 978-89-01-14936-3.

——————— (10 December 2013). 1219 끝이 시작이다 [1219 The end is beginning] (in Korean). Seoul: Bada Books. ISBN 978-89-5561-690-3.

——————— (20 January 2017). 대한민국이 묻는다 [Korea Asks You] (in Korean). Paju: Book 21. ISBN 978-89-509-6884-7.

———————; Lee Na-mi (23 March 2017). 운명에서 희망으로 [From Fate To Hope] (in Korean). Paju: Dasan Books. ISBN 979-11-306-1171-6.

——————— (16 April 2024). 문재인의 독서노트 [Moon Jae-in's Reading Notes] (in Korean). Yangsan: Pyeongsan Bookstore. ISBN 979-11-983086-1-0.

——————— (18 May 2024). 변방에서 중심으로 [From the Periphery to the Center] (in Korean). Paju: Gimm-young Publishers. ISBN 978-89-349-3575-9.