Oglethorpe is an English surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Anne Oglethorpe (1683–1756), British Jacobite agent
Eleanor Oglethorpe (1662–1732, born as Eleanor Wall), Irish Jacobite agent
Eleanor Oglethorpe de Mézières (1684–1775), English-French Jacobite
James Oglethorpe (1696–1785), British Army general and founder of the Georgia colony
Lewis Oglethorpe (1681–1704), English politician and soldier
Owen Oglethorpe (c.1502–1559), English bishop
Theophilus Oglethorpe, Jr. (1684–1737), British politician