Rzeszów

History

In the area of Rzeszów, the first early European modern humans appeared in the late Paleolithic Age; archaeologists have excavated a tool made in that period at site Rzeszów 25. In the mid-6th century BC, the first farmers came to the area of the city, most likely through the Moravian Gate. Later on, Rzeszów was a settlement of the Lusatian culture, which was followed by the Przeworsk culture.

In the 7th century, the first Slavs appeared in the area, which is confirmed by numerous archaeological findings. Most probably, Rzeszów was then inhabited by the Vistulans. In the 10th century, it became part of the emerging Duchy of Poland. Sometime between 11th and 13th century the town was conquered and subsequently annexed by the East Slavic Ruthenians from the weakened and fragmented Polish state (see Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth).

Polish rulers of the Piast dynasty recaptured Rzeszów in 1264. In Tarnów, there was a meeting of Prince Bolesław V the Chaste, and Prince Daniel of Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, during which both sides agreed that the border would go between Rzeszów and Czudec (Rzeszów belonged to Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, while Czudec and Strzyżów to Lesser Poland).

After the reunification of Poland following the fragmentation period, Rzeszów remained in Ruthenian hands until 1340, when King Casimir III the Great eventually recaptured the area, inviting his knights to govern the re-acquired land. According to some sources, at that time Rzeszów was inhabited by the Walddeutsche, and was called Rishof (during World War II, the Germans renamed it Reichshof). The town was granted Magdeburg rights, it had a parish church, a market place and a cemetery, and its total area was some 1.5 km2 (0.58 sq mi). Magdeburg rights entitled Rzeszów's local authorities to punish criminals, build fortifications and tax merchants.

In 1458 Rzeszów was burned by the Vlachs and the Tatars. In 1502 the Tatars destroyed it again. Earlier, in 1427, Rzeszów had burned to the ground in a big fire, but the town recovered after these events, thanks to its favorable location on the main West – East (Kraków – Lwów) and North – South (Lublin – Slovakia) trade routes. In the 15th century the first Jews settled in Rzeszów.

The 16th century was the time of prosperity for the town, especially when Rzeszów belonged to Mikołaj Spytek Ligęza (since the 1580s), who invested in infrastructure, building a castle, a Bernardine church and a monastery. Rzeszów then had some 2,500 inhabitants, with a rapidly growing Jewish community. The town was granted several royal rights, including the privilege to organise several markets a year. At that time, Rzeszów finally grew beyond its medieval borders, marked by fortifications.

Rzeszów under Austrian rule

In 1772, following the First Partition of Poland, Rzeszów became part of the Austrian Empire, to which it belonged for 146 years. In the late 18th century, Rzeszów had 3,000 inhabitants. By the mid-19th century, the population grew to around 7,500, with 40% of them Jewish. In 1858, the Galician Railway of Archduke Charles Louis reached Rzeszów, which resulted in further development of the town. In 1888 the first telephone lines were opened, in 1900 – gas street lamps, and in 1911 – a power plant and water system. The population grew to 23,000, with half of the inhabitants being Jews. A number of modern buildings were constructed, most of them in Secession style.

During World War I, several battles took place near the town. Rzeszów was home to a large garrison of the Austro-Hungarian Army, and in the city of Przemyśl, located nearby, there was a major fortress. During the Battle of Galicia in the late summer of 1914, Russian troops moved towards Rzeszów, and on 21 September, they captured it. The first Russian occupation lasted only 16 days, ending after an attack by the Austrians, on 4 October.

Under Russian pressure, the Austrians were unable to keep the town, and on 7 November, the Russians again appeared in Rzeszów. In the late fall of 1914, the front line was established between Tarnów and Gorlice, and Rzeszów became an important center of the Imperial Russian Army, with large magazines of food and ammunition located there. The Russian occupation lasted until May 1915. After the Russians were pushed out of Galicia, Rzeszów remained outside the area of military activity. The Austrian administration returned, but wartime reality and damage to the town had a negative effect on the population, and the quality of life deteriorated.

Interwar period

On 12 October 1918, Rzeszów's mayor, together with the town council, sent a message to Warsaw, announcing loyalty to the independent Second Polish Republic. On November 1, after clashes with German and Austrian troops, Rzeszów was liberated, and the next day, mayor Roman Krogulski took a pledge of allegiance to the reborn Polish state. During World War I some 200 residents of Rzeszów died, rail infrastructure was destroyed, as well as approximately 60 houses.

In 1920, Rzeszów became capital of a county in the Lwów Voivodeship. The town grew, and the creation of the Central Industrial Region had an enormous impact on Rzeszów. It became a major center of the defense industry, with PZL Rzeszów opening there in 1937. It was also home to a large garrison of the Polish Army, with the 10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade stationed there. In 1939, Rzeszów had 40,000 inhabitants, but its dynamic growth was stopped by the Invasion of Poland and outbreak of World War II.

Second World War

On 6–8 September 1939, Rzeszów was bombed by the Luftwaffe. The town was defended by the 10th Cavalry Brigade and 24th Uhlan Regiment from Kraśnik. The German attack began on 8 September in the afternoon, and the Wehrmacht entered Rzeszów the next morning. The Einsatzgruppe I entered the city to commit crimes against the population, and its members co-formed the local German police. Under German occupation, Rzeszów, renamed into Reichshof, became part of the General Government.

The occupiers established a Nazi prison, in which they imprisoned over 1,100 Poles, especially the intelligentsia, arrested in the region between October 1939 and June 1940, during the Intelligenzaktion. Some people were eventually released, some were deported to prisons in Kraków and Tarnów, while many were executed at the prison yard. On 2 November 1939, the Germans carried out mass arrests of local priests and Bernardine friars, and afterwards, they also carried out executions of Polish intelligentsia at the local Bernardine monastery.

Persecution of Polish intelligentsia was continued with the AB-Aktion, and on 27 June 1940, 104 Poles from the local prison were exterminated in the forest of Lubzina. In 1941, the Germans established a ghetto, whose Jewish inhabitants were later murdered in Bełżec extermination camp (for more information see The Holocaust below).

During the war, Rzeszów was a main center of the Polish Underground State, with the Rzeszów Inspectorate of the Home Army covering several counties. On 25 May, during Action Kosba, Home Army soldiers killed the Gestapo henchmen Friederich Pottenbaum and Hans Flaschke on a Rzeszów street. In the summer of 1944, during Operation Tempest, units of the Home Army attacked German positions in the town, and on 2 August, Rzeszów was in the hands of the Home Army.

Polish authorities loyal to the Polish government-in-exile tried to negotiate with the Soviets, but without success. The NKVD immediately opened a prison in the cellars of the Rzeszów Castle, sending there a number of Home Army soldiers. On the night of 7/9 October 1944, a Home Army unit under Łukasz Ciepliński attacked the castle, trying to release 400 inmates kept there. The attack failed, and Ciepliński was captured and subsequently executed in 1951.

Postwar and present times

After rumors of the murder of a Christian girl in the city surfaced, on 1 June 1945, or after the mutilated body of 9-year-old Bronisława Mendoń was found in the basement of a tenement building largely inhabited by Holocaust survivors on 11 June 1945, the Polish Communist Citizens' Militia arrested all of Rzeszów's remaining Jews, or the Jewish inhabitants of the area and some Jews transiting through the railway station, and led them through the city amidst an angry crowd, while at the same time looting the homes of the arrested Jews. All of the arrested people were released the same day, but the main suspect, who was linked to the crime through a sheet of paper from Mendoń's notebook and bloodstains in his flat, was arrested on June 14 and held until September. As a result, more than 200 Jews fled Rzeszów, so that a restoration of Jewish life in the city after 1945 failed to materialize.

On 7 July 1945, Rzeszów became capital of the newly created Rzeszów Voivodeship, which consisted of western counties of prewar Lwów Voivodeship, and several counties of prewar Kraków Voivodeship. This decision had a major impact on the city, as it quickly grew. New offices of the regional government were built, and in 1951, several neighbouring villages were included within the city limits of Rzeszów, and the area of the city grew to 39 km2 (15 sq mi).

In 1971 and 1977, further villages were included within the city limits. In early 1981, Rzeszów was a main center of farmer protests, who occupied local offices for fifty days, which resulted in the signing of the Rzeszów – Ustrzyki Agreement, and the creation of Rural Solidarity.

In 1991 Pope John Paul II visited Rzeszów. During the celebrations in which nearly 1,000,000 people participated, the pope beatified Bishop Józef Sebastian Pelczar, former bishop of Przemyśl. On 25 March 1992 Pope John Paul II established the new Diocese of Rzeszów. The city of Rzeszów became the administrative center of the new Diocese and the Church of the Sacred Heart became the new city cathedral.

On 1 January 1999, the city became the capital of Podkarpackie Voivodeship. Its population grew to 170,000, and area to 9,143 km2 (3,530 sq mi). In 2004, Rzeszów hosted the Central European Olympiad in Informatics (CEOI). In 2017–2021, Rzeszów's city limits were greatly expanded by including the villages of Bzianka, Miłocin and Pogwizdów Nowy. The area of Rzeszów increased to over 120 square kilometres and more than 188,000 inhabitants.

Demographics

According to GUS data, as of January 2026, Rzeszów had 199 436 inhabitants. In contrast to other cities close to the size of Rzeszów in Poland, the population is growing.

Rzeszów is the 14th largest Polish city in terms of population and the 20th largest city in terms of area.

Geography

Climate

Rzeszów lies in the north temperate zone and has a continental climate with four distinct seasons. It is characterised by a significant variation between hot summers and cold, snowy winters. Average temperatures in summer range from 18 to 19.6 °C (64 to 67 °F) and in winter from −2.1 to 0 °C (28 to 32 °F). The average annual temperature is 8.9 °C (48 °F).

In summer temperatures often exceed 25 °C (77 °F), and sometimes even 30 °C (86 °F). In winter the temperature drops to −5 °C (23 °F) at night and about 0 °C (32 °F) at day. During very cold nights the temperature drops to −15 °C (5 °F). With Rzeszów being near the Carpathian Mountains, there is sometimes a halny – a föhn wind, when the temperature can rise rapidly.

See or edit raw graph data.

Main sights

The Main Square

Rzeszów Town Hall, built in 1591, later remodelled in Neogothic and Renaissance Revival styles

Saint Adalbert and Saint Stanislaus Church, built in 15th century in Gothic style

Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Bernardine monastery), built in 17th century in Baroque style

Regional Museum, located in the former 17th century Piarists monastery

Old Town (17th century) and New Town (18th century, restored 1954–63) Synagogues

Rzeszów Castle, rebuilt in 17th century

Lubomirski Summer Palace, rebuilt in 18th century in Rococo style

Wanda Siemaszkowa Theatre - former Sokol houses, built 1890-1900

PKO Bank Building, built 1906–07 in Renaissance Revival style

Socialist realist buildings of the Rzeszów Court of Appeals (former regional headquarters of the Polish United Workers' Party) and of the Music Institute

Modernist building of the Subcarpathian Philharmonic

Monument to The Revolutionary Action, erected in 1974

Olszynki Park - 220.67 meters (724.0 ft) high skyscraper

Podziemia, Tunnels

Culture

Theatres

Wanda Siemaszkowa Theatre (est. 1944)

Maska Theatre

Rzeszów Dance Theatre

Museums

Ethnographic Museum

Museum of the City of Rzeszów

Diocesan Museum

Rzeszów Castle

Art galleries

"Szajna" gallery

"Pod Ratuszem" gallery

"z Podwórza" gallery

OPe Photo Gallery

Libraries

Provincial and City Public Library in Rzeszów

Rzeszów University Library

Rzeszów University of Technology Library

Other

Podpromie Hall

Artur Malawski Philharmonic Hall

Economy and infrastructure

Industry

Asseco Poland SA (earlier Comp Rzeszów S.A.) – one of Poland’s largest software groups—has its headquarters in Rzeszów (Olchowa 14).

The Eastern Poland IT Cluster (Klaster IT) groups regional ICT firms and is headquartered in Rzeszów

FIBRAIN – manufacturer in the field of ICT systems

G2A.COM Limited - a global digital marketplace which specializes in gaming products

Goodrich Corporation opened a 5.3-hectare (13-acre) manufacturing facility near Rzeszów in November 2010

Novartis International AG (NYSE:NVS) Rzeszów – Gerber Products Company food production facilities

Sanofi-Aventis (NYSE:SNY)

United Technologies Corporation (NYSE:UTX) Pratt & Whitney division (acquired WSK-PZL Rzeszów) – Aerospace engineering including one of the world's two F-16 engine manufacturers

Valeant Pharmaceuticals International (NYSE:VRX) Rzeszów (formerly ICN Polfa Rzeszów)

Zelmer SA – household equipment

At Widełka substation, situated approximately 20 kilometres (12 miles) north-northeast of Rzeszów, the Rzeszów–Khmelnytskyi powerline, the only 750 kV powerline in Poland, ends.

Media

Radio Rzeszów

Radio Eska Rzeszów

Akademickie Radio Centrum

Katolickie Radio Via

Radio RES

Gazeta Codzienna NOWINY

Super Nowości

Nasz Dom

Gazeta Wyborcza Rzeszów

Polish Television (TVP) branch in Rzeszów

Rzeszów municipal television

Rzeszow-Info.pl

Transport

Rzeszów is located on the main West-East European E40 Highway, which goes from Calais in France via Belgium, across Germany, Poland, Ukraine and onto Russia and Kazakhstan. Within Poland the E40 follows the A4 Highway, passing through Wrocław, Katowice, Kraków and Korczowa. The S19 Expressway connects Rzeszów with Belarus and Slovakia as part of planned Via Carpathia route from the Baltic to the Black Sea.

In recent years, communication has been improved by a modernization of the roads within the city. SCATS traffic system has been implemented.

The A4 highway and S19 expressway act as bypass of the city, running through the northern and eastern districts of Rzeszów.

Rzeszów-Jasionka Airport (Port Lotniczy Rzeszów-Jasionka) is located in the village of Jasionka 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) north of the city. As of June 2015 scheduled passenger services are offered by Ryanair, LOT Polish Airlines, and Lufthansa. This is supplemented seasonally by tourist charter flights to typical summer leisure destinations.

The city operates 49 bus lines including night and airport buses. Rzeszów is also a gateway to the Bieszczady mountains, with many buses heading for Sanok.

Rzeszów is an important rail hub is on the main west–east rail route; Line 91. This runs from Silesia and Kraków, Kraków Main station (Kraków Główny) – Medyka on the Polish eastern border. This line then continues on to Ukraine. Its main railway station was established in the 19th century and apart from it, there are five additional stations in the city: Rzeszów Staroniwa, Rzeszów Zwięczyca, Rzeszów Osiedle, Rzeszów Załęże and Rzeszów Zachodni (freight only). There are also two non-electrified lines stemming from Rzeszów – to Jasło and to Tarnobrzeg.

Education

Universities:

University of Rzeszów (established in 2001 from a number of higher education institutions)

Rzeszów University of Technology (formed from The Higher Engineering School in 1974)

Rzeszów University of Technology University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszów (established in 1996)

Branches in Dębica, Krosno and Nisko

Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania

WSPiA Rzeszów School of Higher Education (established in 1995)

Notable high schools:

Konarski's Number 1 High School in Rzeszów

John Paul II High School

International relations

Consulates

There are honorary consulates of the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary and Slovakia in Rzeszów.

Twin towns – sister cities

Rzeszów is twinned with:

Notable people

Maurycy Allerhand (1868–1942), lawyer

Jan Wojciech Balicki (1869–1948), Roman Catholic priest

Aleksander Bobko (born 1952), politician

Stan Borys (born 1941), singer

Amalia Carneri (1875–1942), opera singer

Aleksander Cichoń (born 1958), wrestler

Lukasz Cieplinski (1913–1951), anti-Nazi and anti-Soviet resistance hero

Jan Domarski (born 1946), footballer

Tadeusz Ferenc (1940-2022), politician

Wanda Gołkowska (1925–2013), artist

Jerzy Grotowski (1933–1999), theatre director and theorist

Hermann Horner (1892–1942), Austrian-Hungarian operatic bass-baritone

Rafał Jonkisz (born 1997), male model

Juliusz Kaden-Bandrowski (1885–1944), journalist and novelist

Dawid Kostecki (1981–2019), boxer

Paweł Kowal (born 1975), politician

Dawid Lampart (born 1990), motorcycle speedway rider

Joanna Lech (born 1984), poet

Saul Lowenstam (1717–1790), Dutch rabbi and talmudist.