Society of United Irishmen

{{Infobox political party | country = Ireland | name = Society of United Irishmen | native_name = Cumann na nÉireannach Aontaithe | colorcode = #009A49 | foundation = | dissolved = | logo = | ideology = Rights of ManRepresentative governmentNational independence | international = Allied to the French First Republic, United Scotsmen, United Englishmen/United Britons | newspaper = Belfast: Northern Star. Cork: Harp of Erin. Dublin: The Rights of Irishmen, or National Evening Star; Union Star; Press. Roscrea: Southern Star. | flag = Green harp flag of Ireland.svg | elections_dab1 = List of United Kingdom general elections }} The Society of United Irishmen was a sworn association in the Kingdom of Ireland formed in the wake of the French Revolution to secure "an equal representation of all the people" in a national government. Despairing of constitutional reform, and in defiance both of British Crown forces and of Irish sectarian division, in 1798 the United Irishmen instigated a republican rebellion. Their suppression was a prelude to the abolition of the Irish Parliament in Dublin and to Ireland's incorporation in a United Kingdom with Great Britain. An attempt, following the Acts of Union, to revive the movement and renew the insurrection led to an abortive rising in Dublin in 1803. Espousing principles they believed had been vindicated by American independence and by the French Declaration of the Rights of Man, the Presbyterian merchants who formed the first United society in Belfast in 1791 vowed to make common cause with their Catholic-majority fellow countrymen. Their "cordial union" would upend Ireland's Protestant [Anglican] Ascendancy and hold her government accountable to a representative Parliament. As the society replicated in Belfast, Dublin, and across rural Ireland, its membership test was administered to workingmen (and in some cases women) who maintained their own democratic clubs, and to tenant farmers organised against the Protestant gentry in secret fraternities. The goals of the movement were restated in uncompromising terms: Catholic emancipation and reform became the call for universal manhood suffrage (every man a citizen) and for an Irish republic. Preparations were laid for an insurrection to be assisted by the French and by new United societies in Scotland and England.