The Petrified Forest is a 1934 two-act play by American playwright Robert E. Sherwood. It is a melodrama, with a large cast and one setting. The story takes place inside a cafe called the Black Mesa Bar-B-Q and Filling Station, on a lonely crossroads in eastern Arizona. The family who runs it, their employees, and some customers are taken hostage by a criminal gang which has just pulled off a bloody jail break in Oklahoma City. The entirety of the action occurs in the course of one afternoon and evening in 1934. The title comes from the nearby petrified forest, where the drifting protagonist feels he belongs.
The original play was produced by Gilbert Miller and Leslie Howard, in association with Arthur Hopkins. It was staged by Hopkins, had sets by Raymond Sovey, and starred Leslie Howard, with Peggy Conklin and Humphrey Bogart. It ran on Broadway from January thru June 1935, with four of the original cast then reprising their roles in the 1936 film version. The play had one minor revival on Broadway in 1943, and was adapted for television in 1955.
This was the breakthrough role for Bogart, and thereafter he abandoned Broadway for the movies. The play was listed among the ten best of the season by critic Burns Mantle, but wasn't on the shortlist of four plays recommended for the Pulitzer Prize for Drama.
Contents
Characters
Listed in order of appearance within their scope.
Leads
Boze Hertzlinger is a young man, an ex-college football halfback, recently hired at the cafe.
Gramp Maple is a garrulous old-timer who owns the business, but whose son Jason runs it.
Gabrielle Maple called "Gabby", is Gramp's granddaughter who dreams of studying art in Paris.
Alan Squier is 33, a drifter, a former writer from New England whose muse went silent.
Duke Mantee is 35, a dangerous criminal on the lam with his gang, based on John Dillinger.
Supporting
Telegraph Lineman called Nick, is a young man, thin and outspoken, an admirer of Russia.
Jason Maple runs the Black Mesa Bar-B-Q, a Great War veteran whose French war bride left him.
Mr. Chisholm is 45, a wealthy banker from Dayton, Ohio, fussy but with a dry wit.
Mrs. Chisholm is 35, attractive, stylish, and blasé, whom her husband calls "Edith".
Jackie is "a short, chubby, cherubic gangster. He carries a sub-machine-gun and wears a cheery smile".
Pyles is the getaway driver for Duke's gang, a tall, slender black man.
Synopsis
Act I
The play opens inside the Black Mesa Bar-B-Q cafe, with two telegraph linemen eating lunch. Boze Hertzlinger sits with the linemen, while one of them discusses the advantages of Russian communism. Gramp Maple sits in his rocking chair, half-listening to the talk. When the word "pioneer" is used, Gramp perks up and the second lineman draws him into the conversation, hoping to divert it. A car horn is heard; Jason Maples enters and orders Boze outside to fill a customer's gas tank. Paula brings the linemen their dessert. When the linemen leave Jason scolds Gramp for boring the customers, and says he'll report them for being pinkos. Jason argues with Gramp about selling the business to Dana Trimble, so they can relocate to Los Angeles and open a garage. Gabby enters and agrees with Jason, but she wants to use some of the proceeds to live with her mother in France and study art. After Jason leaves for his American Legion meeting, Boze romances Gabby, is rebuffed at first but is making progress when Alan Squier enters.
Squier orders a meal; while eating, he and Gabby tell each other their stories. She is fascinated with his conversation. She shows him the book she is reading, poetry by François Villon, with which Squier is familiar. Squier asks where the road outside leads and is told about the petrified forest. He feels that maybe this is his destination. Gabby confesses her dream of painting in France; he counters by musing about French artists yearning to paint the Arizona desert. Herb enters the cafe to pick up some food and beer. He mentions to Boze the Duke Mantee gang seems to be heading their way. Gabby shows Squier some of her watercolor paintings, which he says are in the "Dufy manner". Squier confesses he can't pay for the meal; Boze is angry but Gabby shrugs it off.
The Chisholms now enter with Joseph, having arrived in their Duesenberg touring car. Joseph orders gas and oil, which Boze exits to fulfill. Gabby asks them to take Squier in their car to Phoenix. Mr. Chisholm reluctantly agrees, after Joseph searches Squier for weapons. They depart, and Boze now makes the big play for Gabby. Thinking Squier is out of her life, she agrees to go outside with Boze just to see what it's like. But before they can leave, Duke Mantee and his gang enter the cafe, having arrived in the Chisholm's hijacked Duesenberg. Jackie and Ruby carry tommy guns, with Jackie also carrying a sawed-off shotgun. Pyles stays outside in the Duesenberg, watching the road. When Duke takes off his suit coat he has two shoulder holsters with revolvers. The gang brings Gramp and Paula into the lunchroom. Paula is sent to the kitchen to cook food for the gang. Having been abandoned on the road, Squier returns to the cafe to get help, but is re-captured by the gang. Duke is gracious, allowing Squiers to have a drink. (Curtain)
Original production
Background
Robert E. Sherwood had written several historical plays in the years just prior to this effort. The Petrified Forest was a more contemporary work, based in America rather than Europe. Many reviewers noted that Sherwood drew inspiration for Duke Mantee from John Dillinger. The play's background of Duke Mantee being busted out of jail by his gang members and fleeing to Arizona had its parallels with Dillinger's exploits in October 1933 and January 1934.
Gilbert Miller announced in October 1934 that he would be producing Sherwood's play in association with Arthur Hopkins the director and Leslie Howard, who would also star. It was reported that rehearsals would begin when Howard arrived from England in mid-November, but by November 26, 1934, it was decided to proceed without him. He finally arrived at the end of November, but then had to immediately fly to Hollywood for film conferences at Warner Brothers. Not until December 7, 1934, could he join the rehearsals, a delay which meant the original tryout slot in Washington D.C. was lost. This forced the New York premiere to be scheduled for January 7, 1935, which meant The Petrified Forest would open the same day as The Old Maid.
Cast
Cast for the tryouts in Hartford and Boston, and during the original Broadway run. The show was on hiatus for a week in late May 1935 due to Leslie Howard's illness.
Tryouts
The play's first performance was on December 20, 1934, at Parsons Theatre in Hartford, Connecticut. The local reviewer called it "the first Dillinger play" and said the playwright has "given the stage the first real killer, not the gun-flourishing desperado, but the grim man we at least popularly conceive as Dillinger". The five leads were all praised individually for their acting, while the rest of the cast was collectively saluted. The reviewer did have two suggestions for improvement: "less autobiographical confession" in the second act, and "less lugging in of the Legion by the heels".
After four performances in Hartford, the production went to the Shubert Theatre in Boston, where it opened on Christmas Eve 1934. The local reviewer said "The Petrified Forest is a most unusual mingling of blistering satire, heartfelt reference to poetry and philosophy, and thrilling but plausible melodrama." They praised the acting of Leslie Howard and Peggy Conklin and noted the audience's enthusiastic reaction to the play.
Premiere and reception
The Petrified Forest had its Broadway premiere on January 7, 1935, at the Broadhurst Theatre. Leslie Howard had top billing and was the only performer named in advertising. Critic Rowland Field echoed the Boston reviewer, saying "The play is a curious mixture of philosophic thought and exciting action". Arthur Pollock said the play's title reflected its theme, to wit that a petrified forest "would be a better place than most as a happy hunting ground for pathetically large numbers of maladjusted people of today, particularly the intellectuals. For our mechanical civilization, in its hurried rush ahead, has outdistanced our intelligence." Pollock points this up further by identifying what it is about Gabby and Duke Mantee that appeals to Alan Squier, that they are both untamed individuals not yet overcome by a "petrifying civilization".
Brooks Atkinson of The New York Times was enthusiastic about The Petrified Forest, calling it "a peach" twice in his review. He praised Leslie Howard, saying "If a modern writer must die for love of a new-found maid, let Mr. Howard do it just before the curtain comes down". He also liked the performance of Peggy Conklin as "a gas-station dryad", and said "Humphrey Bogart does the best work of his career as a motorized guerrilla". Like other critics, Atkinson speculated the American Legion was not going to like Sherwood's satire. For Burns Mantle of the New York Daily News, Leslie Howard's acting made The Petrified Forest a "most exciting philosophical melodrama". He spent his entire review in homage to Howard's talent, and only in the final paragraph acknowledged "splendid support from Peggy Conklin as the waitress, Humphrey Bogart, of all people, as the gangster".
Closing
The play closed on June 29, 1935, at the Broadhurst Theatre, after 193 performances.
Revival
The Petrified Forest returned to Broadway on November 1, 1943, for a limited engagement of one week at the New Amsterdam Roof Theatre. The revival was produced by Mary Elizabeth Sherwood, a 22-year-old from Whittier, California, who had started up the stock company at that theatre. The play starred Wendell K. Phillips as Alan Squier, John McQuade as Duke Mantee, Barbara Joyce as Gabby Maple, and E. G. Marshall as Gramp Maple. Also in the cast was Slim Thompson, who performed the role of Pyles he had played both in the original stage production and the 1936 film. Reviewer Arthur Pollock, who had covered the original production, said of the play after seeing the revival, that it had once seemed so important.
Adaptations
Film
Warner Brothers released a film version in February 1936, just 13 months after the play's premiere, with a screenplay by Delmer Daves and Charles Kenyon. Leslie Howard and Humphrey Bogart reprised their roles, with Bette Davis playing Gabby Maple.
Television
The play was adapted for television on a 90-minute live color anthology series called Producers' Showcase, airing on May 30, 1955. Humphrey Bogart again played Duke Mantee, while Henry Fonda portrayed Alan Squier and Lauren Bacall played Gabby Maple. Critic Jack Gould said the 90-minute air time gave "the dimension-in-depth of a Broadway play, not a hurried TV narrative", but he also felt the full effect of Bogart's performance as Mantee required him to always be visible to the audience, something possible on a stage but not with TV cameras.
Legacy
The opening scenes of Richard Yates' 1961 novel Revolutionary Road (and its 2008 film adaptation) focus on an incompetent community theater production of The Petrified Forest.