Zarmandukht

Zarmandukht (also spelled Zarmanduxt; fl. 383) was the consort of King Pap of Arsacid Armenia, who ruled from 370 to 374. She was regent of Armenia during the minority of her sons, co-rulers Arsaces (Arshak) III and Vologases (Vagharshak) II, who ruled from 378 to 386/387. Life Little is known on her origins as the historical sources from this period provide no information on her life prior to marrying Pap. For Zarmandukht to have married a King of Armenia, she must have been a noblewoman of some social status and may have come from a family of some aristocratic and political influence. There is a possibility that Zarmandukht may have been a daughter of a nakharar and could have been betrothed to Pap during the kingship of his father, Arsaces II. Queen of Armenia Zarmandukht and Pap married at an unknown date in the latter's reign. She bore Pap two sons, Arsaces III and Vologases. Little is known on her relationship with Pap. Following the assassination of Pap in 374, the Roman emperor Valens had sent the nephew of Pap, Varasdates (Varazdat) to occupy the Armenian throne, as Zarmandukht's sons with Pap were too young to rule. Varasdates was a young man highly reputed for his mental and physical gifts and had lived in Rome for an unknown period of time. Varasdates began to rule under the regency of sparapet Mushegh I Mamikonian, whose family were pro-Roman. Regency In 378 with the failed reign of Varasdates and the murder of his regent Mushegh Mamikonian, the latter's brother, Manuel Mamikonian, filled his late brother's position of sparapet. Manuel, furious at the Armenian king, drove Varasdates out Armenia back to Rome by military force. Manuel raised Arsaces III and Vologases to the throne as co-kings of Armenia, under the nominal regency of Zarmandukht. Manuel was the most powerful man in the country and effectively the regent of Armenia.